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Humanism and Pessimism: description of the historical context
After the war many intellectuals had to reconstruct their country from a moral and a political point of view.
The World War II, which had produced the Nazi concentration camps and the atomic bomb, had generated a new conscience of the destructive potential of scientific knowledge. Post war culture embodied a modern humanism as the basis for a new society but with pessimism. According to existentialism man was determinate by is free choice.
Sartre was the major existentialist thinker and influenced the dramatists of the theater of the Absurd as Beckett.
The term “ Theater of the Absurd” indicates a type of drama which expresses “ the metaphysical anguish at the absurdity of the human condition”. In the post war time there is a lack of reference points of the past, and existence is out of harmony. This kind of theater is different because there isn’t a logical construction of rational ideas. Another important feature of this theater is incapacity to communicate with is fellow men.
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Briefly narration of Beckett’s life
Beckett was born in near Dublin 1906. He graduated in Dublin in 1928. He worked in Paris (at the Ecole Normale Superieure) here he came in to contact with avant – garde, intellectuals and artists of the 1930s, above all with Joyce. He joined to the French Resistance during the World War II. During this years he wrote a party autobiographical novel called Watt. And Trilogy Molloy, Mallone Dies. He wanted explore and describe the human condition. He became famous with is first play and attendant Godot. (Waiting For Godot – 1953). Later he get a Nobel Price for literature.
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The Beckett’s Plays
Beckett wrote for the Theatre for over twenty years introducing the Theatre of the Absurd. All his plays deal with the inability to communicate both loneliness and human impotence and negation.
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Waiting for Godot: general introduction
Was performed in Paris in 1953 and this play disrupted all the conventions of the traditional Theatre because there was no plot, nothing happened. The setting was a desert and there was only object: a bare tree; and Mr Godot whose arrival appeared to be dissolution, never arrived. This play became a great success and was translated into many foreign languages and preformed all over the world.
per ulteriori informazioni su Waiting for Godot vedi anche qua
Key aspects of Waiting for Godot and analysis of the two acts
In Beckett’s Theatre we can see a static world where things never change, but they ended in an endless circle. This is emphasized by physical condition( handicapped or moribund) and also by absence of plot and circular structure. The characters seem to be imprisoned in a single place.
The play is divided in two acts and it is about two French trumps, Vladimir and Estragon who spend their time waiting for Godot. We see then standing by the side of a road in a bare landscape with a tree. They are talking about the supposed appointment with Godot, who represents their only hope to escape from their miserable situation. They have no ideas about the day it is. They spend the time speculating on the risen of their condition; they also think to kill themselves the conversation often becomes fragmented. The characters become absorbed in their thoughts and memories. This monotony is interrupted by the appearance of another couple of characters: Pozzo and Lucky. Later a boy appears with a message of Godot saying that Godot will arrive the next day.
The second act take place the next day and repeats the structure of the first. Pozzo now blind doesn’t remember anything of the previous day. The boy returns with another message of Godot saying he will arrive next day. At the end of the play the two protagonists consider the idea of killing themselves, and try to commit suicide, but they fail for comical reasons. Even if the effect is comic, its meaning is tragic.
This meant that for Beckett the same ideas and events are simultaneously tragic and comic. Finally the protagonists decide to leave but they remain standing where they are waiting for Godot.
per ulteriori informazioni su Waiting for Godot vedi anche qua
Endless Repetition: Beckett’s play characteristics in comparison of the traditional ones
The only facts that the audience can notice are the suffering of the tramps, their attempts to past the time, their waiting for Godot, their wish to part, the appearance of Pozzo and Lucky, and the boy announcing that Mr Godot won’t come that evening but the next.
In fact in this play nothing happens; there is lack of events and the structure is circular and negative; while a traditional play has an introduction, development, a solution of the problem and a conclusion. Here the setting and the time are always the same. The structure of the second act is symmetrical to the first: there is a repetition of the things seen and heard in the first. In the play there is a sense of endless repetition and people have the sensation that the events will happen many times again. The characters have no memory in the first act, but in the second neither Pozzo nor the messenger boy can remember. These causes a disorienting effect on Vladimir, Estragon and the audience.
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Time conception in Waiting for Godot
In traditional plays there is a chronological development of the events, while in Beckett’s works there is an impression of immobility because there isn’t past or future but only a series of repetitions. All these works are timeless, but the characters are obsessed with the problem of time and they try to fill it with dialogues a waiting for somebody.

Characters’ analysis in Waiting for Godot
-One feature of Beckett’s works is that everything is reduced to the bare essentials, so the characters are not clearly defined people. They have no personality and no memory and so they dependence on the other to fell that he exist. The relationship between Vladimir and Estragon doesn’t give the idea of to people communicating with each other or expressed their ideas or opinion. This characters play an elaborate language game.
Godot is very enigmatic. Some critics think that Godot could refer to the absence of God in the modern world but Beckett himself didn’t agree with this interpretation Godot can be considered a central absence around which the characters organize their activity. The arrival of Godot (desired and feared) could be the end of the absurd tragic comedy of existence for Vladimir and Estragon, but without arrival they are unable to leave the stage.
According to Martin Esslin what gives meaning to the play is the waiting itself. The waiting is an essential aspect of the human condition so Godot represents the objective of our waiting: an event, a thing, a person, death!
Themes that can be found in Waiting for Godot
The message of the play is: there is no meaning in life, we have no purpose, and we live in an absurd and indifferent universe. This idea is close to the philosophy of French existentialism. The loneliness and man’s confinement and the inability to communicate in the play are symbols of the human condition. People are trapped and destined to loneliness and lack of communication.
The language in Beckett’s plays is made up of linguistic stereotypes that represent the vacuity of ready made phrases. The words produced by the characters are only away to fill days and nights so the dialogues become more fragmented and broken in grammar and meaning. Beckett emphasizes the inadequacy of words with the use of mime, silence and circus like gags.
Humanism and Pessimism: contesto storico
-After the war many intellectuals had to reconstruct their country from a moral and a political point of view.
The World War II, which had produced the Nazi concentration camps and the atomic bomb, had generated a
new conscience of the destructive potential of scientific knowledge. Post war culture ambodied a modern
humanism as the basis for a new society but with pessimism. According to existentialism man was
determinate by is free choice. Sartre was the major existentialist thinker and influenced the dramatists of the
theatre of the Absurd as Beckett.
-The term “ Theatre of the Absurd” indicates a type of drama which expresses “ the metaphysical anguish at
the absurdity of the human condition”. In the post war time there is a lack of reference points of the past, and
existence is out of harmony. This kind of theatre is different because there isn’t a logical construction of
rational ideas. Another important feature of this theatre is incapacity to communicate with is fellow men.
- Beckett was born in near Dublin 1906. He graduated in Dublin in 1928. He worked in Paris (at the Ecole
Normale Superieure) here he came in to contact with avant – garde, intellectuals and artists of the 1930s,
above all with Joyce. He joined to the French Resistance during the World War II. During this years he wrote
a party autobiographical novel called Watt. And Trilogy Molloy, Mallone Dies. He wanted explore and
describe the human condition. He became famous with is first play and attendant Godot. (Waiting For Godot
– 1953). Later he get a Nobel Price for literature.
The Plays
Beckett wrote for the Theatre for over twenty years introducing the Theatre of the Absurd. All his plays
deal with the inability to communicate and loneliness and human impotence and negation.
Waiting for Godot
Was performed in Paris in 1953 and this play disrupted all the conventions of the traditional Theatre because
there was no plot, nothing happened. The setting was a desert and there was only object: a bare tree; and Mr
Godot whose arrival appeared to be dissolution, never arrived. This play became a great success and was
translated into many foreign languages and preformed all over the world.
1 caratteristica del teatro di Beckett
In Beckett’s Theatre we can see a static world where things never change, but they ended in an endless circle.
This is emphasized by physical condition( handicapped or moribund) and also by absence of plot and
circular structure. The characters seem to be imprisoned in a single place.
-The play is divided in two acts and it is about two French trumps, Vladimir and Estragon who spend their
time waiting for Godot. We see then standing by the side of a road in a bare landscape with a tree. They are
talking about the supposed appointment with Godot, who represents their only hope to escape from their
miserable situation. They have no ideas about the day it is. They spend the time speculating on the risen of
their condition; they also think to kill themselves the conversation often becomes fragmented. The
characters become absorbed in their thoughts and memories. This monotony is interrupted by the appearance
of another couple of characters: Pozzo and Lucky. Later a boy appears with a message of Godot saying that
Godot will arrive the next day.
-The second act take place the next day and repeats the structure of the first. Pozzo now blind doesn’t
remember anything of the previous day. The boy returns with another message of Godot saying he will arrive
next day. At the end of the play the two protagonists consider the idea of killing themselves, and try to
commit suicide, but they fail for comical reasons. Even if the effect is comic, its meaning is tragic.
-This meant that for Beckett the same ideas and events are simultaneously tragic and comic. Finally the
protagonists decide to leave but they remain standing where they are waiting for Godot.
Endless Repetition: le caratteristiche dell’opera rispetto a quella tradizionale
(the only facts that the audience can notice are the suffering of the tramps, their attempts to past the time,
their waiting for Godot, their wish to part, the appearance of Pozzo and Lucky, and the boy announcing that
Mr Godot won’t come that evening but the next.)
In this play nothing happens; there is lack of events and the structure is circular and negative; while a
traditional play has an introduction, development, a solution of the problem and a conclusion. Here
the setting and the time are always the same. The structure of the second act is symmetrical to the
first: there is a repetition of the things seen and heard in the first. In the play there is a sense of endless
repetition and people have the sensation that the events will happen many times again. The characters
have no memory in the first act, but in the second neither Pozzo nor the messenger boy can remember.
These causes a disorienting effect on Vladimir, Estragon and the audience.
Time
In traditional plays there is a chronological development of the events, while in Beckett’s works there is an
impression of immobility because there isn’t past or future but only a series of repetitions. All these works
are timeless, but the characters are obsessed with the problem of time and they try to fill it with dialogues a
waiting for somebody.
Characters
-One feature of Beckett’s works is that everything is reduced to the bare essentials, so the characters are not
clearly defined people. They have no personality and no memory and so they dependence on the other to fell
that he exist. The relationship between Vladimir and Estragon doesn’t give the idea of to people
communicating with each other or expressed their ideas or opinion. This characters play an elaborate
language game.
Godot is very enigmatic. Some critics think that Godot could refer to the absence of God in the modern
world but Beckett himself didn’t agree with this interpretation Godot can be considered a central absence
around which the characters organize their activity. The arrival of Godot (desired and feared) could be the
end of the absurd tragic comedy of existence for Vladimir and Estragon, but without arrival they are unable
to leave the stage.
-According to Martin Esslin what gives meaning to the play is the waiting itself. The waiting is an essential
aspect of the human condition so Godot represents the objective of our waiting: an event, a thing, a person,
death!
Themes
The message of the play is: there is no meaning in life, we have no purpose, and we live in an absurd and
indifferent universe. This idea is close to the philosophy of French existentialism. The loneliness and man’s
confinement and the inability to communicate in the play are symbols of the human condition. People are
trapped and destined to loneliness and lack of communication.
The disintegration of language
The language in Beckett’s plays is made up of linguistic stereotypes that represent the vacuity of ready made
phrases. The words produced by the characters are only away to fill days and nights so the dialogues become
more fragmented and broken in grammar and meaning. Beckett emphasizes the inadequacy of words with
the use of mime, silence and circus like gags.
Umanesimo e pessimismo: Contesto storico
-Dopo la guerra molti intellettuali hanno dovuto ricostruire il loro paese da una morale e un punto di vista
politico.
La Seconda Guerra Mondiale, che aveva prodotto i campi di concentramento nazisti e la bomba atomica,
aveva generato una nuova coscienza del potenziale distruttivo della conoscenza scientifica. La cultura del
dopoguerra ambodied un umanesimo moderno come base per una nuova società, ma con
pessimismo. Secondo l'esistenzialismo l'uomo era determinato dalla libera scelta è. Sartre è stato il pensatore
esistenzialista maggiore e influenzato i drammaturghi del teatro dell'assurdo come Beckett.
-Il "Teatro dell'Assurdo", termine indica un tipo di dramma che esprime "l'angoscia metafisica l'assurdità
della condizione umana". Nel periodo del dopoguerra vi è una mancanza di punti di riferimento del passato,
e l'esistenza non è in armonia. Questo tipo di teatro è diverso perché non c'è una costruzione logica delle idee
razionali. Un'altra caratteristica importante di questo teatro è incapacità di comunicare con gli altri uomini è.
-Beckett è nato nel 1906 nei pressi di Dublino. Si è laureato a Dublino nel 1928. Ha lavorato a Parigi (presso
l'Ecole Normale Superieure), qui è venuto in contatto con le avanguardie, intellettuali e artisti del 1930,
soprattutto con Joyce. Si è unito alla Resistenza francese durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Durante
questi anni ha scritto un romanzo autobiografico parte chiamata Watt. E Trilogy Molloy, Mallone
Dies. Voleva esplorare e descrivere la condizione umana. Divenne famoso con il primo e il gioco è attendant
Godot. (Aspettando Godot - 1953). Più tardi ottiene un Premio Nobel per la letteratura.
I giochi
Beckett ha scritto per il teatro da oltre venti anni che introducono il Teatro dell'Assurdo.Tutte le sue opere
che fare con l'incapacità di comunicare e la solitudine e l'impotenza umana e negazione.
Aspettando Godot
È stata eseguita a Parigi nel 1953 e questo gioco interrotto tutte le convenzioni del teatro tradizionale, perché
non c'era nessun complotto, non è successo niente. L'ambiente era un deserto e c'era solo oggetto: un albero
spoglio, e il signor Godot il cui arrivo sembrava essere la dissoluzione, non arrivò mai. Questo gioco è
diventato un grande successo e fu tradotto in molte lingue straniere e preformato in tutto il mondo.
1 caratteristica del teatro di Beckett
Nel teatro di Beckett si può vedere un mondo statico in cui le cose non cambiano, ma finirono in un cerchio
senza fine. Ciò è sottolineato dal condizione fisica (disabili o moribondi) e anche dall'assenza di trama e
struttura circolare. I personaggi sembrano imprigionati in un unico luogo.
-Il gioco è diviso in due atti ed è circa due trionfi francesi, Vladimiro ed Estragone che passano il loro tempo
di attesa per Godot. Vediamo allora in piedi sul ciglio di una strada in un paesaggio nudo con un
albero. Stanno parlando del presunto appuntamento con Godot, che rappresenta la loro unica speranza di
sfuggire dalla loro situazione miserabile. Non hanno idee sul giorno è. Passano il tempo speculando sul
risorto della loro condizione, ma anche pensare di uccidersi la conversazione diventa spesso frammentate. I
personaggi diventano assorti nei loro pensieri e ricordi. Questa monotonia è interrotta dalla comparsa di
un'altra coppia di personaggi: Pozzo e Lucky.Più tardi un ragazzo viene visualizzata con un messaggio di
Godot dire che Godot arriverà il giorno successivo.
-Il secondo atto si svolgono il giorno successivo e ripete la struttura del primo. Pozzo ormai cieco non
ricorda nulla del giorno precedente. Il ragazzo torna con un altro messaggio di Godot dicendo che arriverà il
giorno dopo. Alla fine del gioco i due protagonisti in considerazione l'idea di uccidere se stessi, e cercare di
suicidarsi, ma non riescono, per motivi comici. Anche se l'effetto è comico, il suo significato è tragica.
-Ciò significava che per Beckett le stesse idee e gli eventi sono allo stesso tempo tragico e comico. Infine, i
protagonisti decidono di andarsene, ma restano in piedi dove sono in attesa di Godot.
Endless ripetizione: le Caratteristiche dell'opera rispetto a Quella Tradizionale
(Gli unici fatti che il pubblico può notare sono le sofferenze dei vagabondi, i loro tentativi di oltre il tempo,
la loro attesa di Godot, il loro desiderio di una parte, la comparsa di Pozzo e Lucky, e il ragazzo annunciando
che il signor Godot non sarà venuto quella sera, ma il prossimo).
In questo gioco non succede nulla, vi è la mancanza di eventi e la struttura è circolare e negative,
mentre un gioco tradizionale ha un introduzione, lo sviluppo, una soluzione del problema e una
conclusione. Qui l'impostazione e il tempo sono sempre le stesse. La struttura del secondo atto è