Telecomunicazioni - concetti

m

λ = ⋅

= 8

c 3 10

v c s

! " "#$% & ' (

! " # b

≈

B 10 s )*** +

), --

! " "& ' ' (

! $ % & ' '' . b km

. s

/ . 0123 4 ( 2**

b

≈

B 100

3 1)5 . 01)6 )*#4

s

( ' ' ''

7 1

-* 8 dB µ



→

1

mW 10 W

20

9* 8

km 1

km

): -7 % ;"$ ( % < ; " $

0 =

) / > >

λ

∆ < 0

. 1

nm

7 3

2 %

? @

): -- @ '@ % ;"$ (

)A λ µ

• = 0 .

8 m

• !B # % > CD

• $B ;

• 1)*+ Mb

• =

B 45 s

dB

• 20 km

7A λ µ

• = 1 .

3 m E >

• !B # % 0 # ( % & D

• $B # # # %

• 1F*+ Gb

• =

B 1

. 7 s

dB

• 0

.

2 km 2

2A λ µ

• = 1 . 55 m

• !B # % # ( % D

• $B # # # %

• 1-*6 9 *+ Gb

• = ÷

B 2

. 5 10 s

)A 0 , *>

7A ,9>

2A .

?A >

FA > > = 7B

: ! ) % ( " @ & %

) %

7 3 B ( @ G @ 3 B

* +

0 H = = Gb

=

B 2

. 5

): : ) 17)***+

s

): : - ',

): : F > ? ?

7 I;% > I5 &

1F9 F: + )22 "@ & % Gb Gb

5 20 8

): : : !%! s s !B

$B >

7*** 1)-, **+

- . / 0 1

:: % 0 B B

D '% @ 3 ( ' % @ 3 B ( %

@ λ

D ? > 27 >

Gb Tb

= ⋅ ⋅ =

B 10 4 10 32 1

.

28

=

s s

7**7 % > ; & > ; >

) 2 ,/ 1 ) 1

D > ! + > ; > 4 5 J Tb

5

. 12

D , -? = s

Gb

λ =

B 40

% )-* * 7 7F#4 =

s

Tb Gb

=

10 B 100

s s 3

/ 7**)C7**7 7**) 0 /

7**7 )**K 9K

% ! 7**? ! % 40

Tb

• 5

. 12

= s

• ; & . "$ ! ' 4 '3 " >

• @ % ! % /'3 =

• $ !"

BC B I;.

' kb

64

. s

Tb

5

. 12

. s ⋅ 12

5

. 12 10 ≅ ⋅ 7

8 10

L M ⋅ 3

64 10

Mb

− 100

MHz

4 5

. s

⋅ 12

5 . 12 10 ≅ ⋅ 4

5 10

L M ⋅

2 6

10 10 4

) 3 14

I ? • ( / )

• 3 ( / 7

; = ÷ >

n n

n 1

, 48 1

,

5 1 2

1 = ÷

1

, 44 1

, 46

n ; ' & ; ' 7

2

• $

• $

( 5 )

1 6

%

2 ( ϑ ϑ

=

n sin n sin

) i r

1 2

ϑ ϑ

=

7 r i

% (

n n n n

ϑ

ϑ ϑ ϑ ϑ

= °

>

= > = =

90

1 1 1 2

n n

sin sin 1 sin 1 sin

1 2

r i c c c

n n n n

2 2 2 1 5

# ϕ ϕ

> c 2

π n

ϑ ϑ ϕ ϕ ϕ

= = − = = − = − = −

max 2 2 2

2

n sin n sin n sin n cos n 1 sin n 1 n n

1 1 1 1 1 1 2

air i r c

2 n

1

ϑ = −

max 2 2

sin

n n n

1 2

air i −

n n − = − + ≅ − = ∆

∆ = 2 2 2

1 2 n n ( n n )( n n ) 2 n ( n n ) 2 n

; 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1

n

1

ϑ = − = ∆ =

max 2 2

sin 2

n n n n NA

1 2 1

air i = ∆

NA n 2

% % %>

1 = ÷

0 .

1 0 . 5

NA

' − −

= n n 1 . 48 1 . 46

n 1

, 48 = ∆ = ⋅ = ∆ = = =

1 2

NA n 2 1

.

48 2 0

.

013 0

.

24 0 .

013

1 1

= 1 . 48

n

1

, 46

n 1

2

ϑ = ° ϑ −

= = °

13 max 1

sin NA 14

i i ϑ °

max

sin sin 14

ϕ

ϑ ϕ − −

= = =

= 1 1

max i

cos cos 80 . 6

n sin n cos c

air i 1 c n 1 . 48

1

ϑ °

sin sin 13

ϕ

ϑ ϕ − −

=

= =

= 1 1

i

cos cos 81

.

25

n sin n cos

air i 1 n 1

.

48

1 6

+ 1

0

" ϕ

/ µ

=

2 a 10 m

& µ

=

2 a 50 m

& H

π 2 2 2

a NA

4

=

M λ 2

2 1

=

B T

b

0 >

T

H 8 E

b

@ ;0"$; ' " ! "$3 '@ % " Ln n

L ϕ

= = = 2

t 1 sin

1 c

v c n

1

n

l L L

= = =

1

t l

2 ϕ ϕ

v c sin sin

c c

; − −

2

n L n L n n L n n n

1 L n n

∆ = − = − = − = = ∆ ∆ =

1 1 1 1 1 2 1

1 1

T t t 1 2

2 1 ϕ 2

sin

c c n c n n c n

2 2

c 2 2

∆

T @

L M 1

∆ > = ∆T <

T T T B 1

" b b B

2

n n

L c

∆ = ∆ < <

1 2

B T B 1 BL ∆

2

n c n

2 1 ⋅

n c bm Mb km

' < = ⋅ =

8

2

BL 4 10 0 .

4

=

n 1

. 5 ∆

2

n s s

1 1

=

n 1 ⋅

Mb km

2 <

∆ < BL 100

0 .

01 N %

s 7

0 @ ;0"$; ' " ! "$3 '@ % "

I ∆

T

0 = > >

#$% @ "@ @ "O

; B # B

) 3 1 1 . 2

( )

− ∆

n 1 ≥

r a

1 α

=

n r

( ) r

− ∆

n 1

1 <

r a

a

α = 2

; α → ∞

; B ∆

∆ 2

n

T 8

c

α = =

= − ∆ 1 BL

2 (

1 )

; ∆

2

8

L c n

1

' H 0'&

@ % ! % /'3

#$ " ; ! dB

50

0'& km 8

) 3 + +

B ω π

2

ω

∇ + =

2 2 2

E n ( ) k E 0 = =

k

0 λ

0 c

ω

n ( )

3 ; ω π

2 n

= = =

k nk 0

λ

v

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

2 2 2

1 1

+ + + + =

2 2

E E E E n k E 0

z z z z 0 z

ρ ρ ρ ρ φ

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

2 2 2

z ρ =

≤ n n

a 1

' ρ > =

a n n 2 (