Riassunto esame Storia delle istituzioni politiche, Prof. De Masi Salvatore, libro consigliato European social network , Paola De lume

ECPAT INTERNATIONAL

In 1990, researchers exposed that child prostitution was increasing in many Asian countries. ECPAT

(End Child Prostitution Child Pornography and Trafficking) of Children for Sexual Purposes – was

established as a three-year campaign focusing on ending the ‘commercial’ aspect of sexual

exploitation of children.

ECPAT International is a global network of organisations and individuals working together for the

elimination of child prostitution, child pornography and the trafficking of children for sexual purposes.

Who we are

In 1996, the network consisted of 17 groups. Today there are over 80 groups.

UNIT 3 POVERTY AND INEQUALITY

THE EUROPEAN ANTI-POVERTY NETWORK

Poverty in the EU is still at a relatively high level. Nearly 1 in 7 people are at risk of poverty. The

figures are even higher for some groups such as children and older people. Poverty is a direct attack

on people’s fundamental rights, limits the opportunities they have to achieve their full potential, brings

high costs to society and hampers sustainable economic growth. Poverty also reflects failures in the

systems.

Poverty is often closely associated with social exclusion. Another common term associated with

poverty is vulnerability.

What is poverty

Poverty is generally divided into two types, absolute or extreme poverty and relative poverty.

-Absolute or extreme poverty is when people lack the basic necessities for survival.

-Relative poverty is where some people’s way of life and income is so much worse than the general

standard of living in the country or region in which they live.

Make poverty history

-Make poverty history is part of the Global call to action against poverty. It is the largest anti-poverty

movement in history. The Make Poverty History Campaign has as its centerpiece achievement of the

eight Millennium Development Goals. By 2015 the Millennium Development Goals will: eradicate

extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and

empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and

other disease and ensure environmental sustainability.

UNIT 4

MIGRATION

RIGHTS ON THE LINE: HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

Human Rights Watch said in a report today in advance of International Migrants Day, December 18,

2010. The abuses include labor exploitation, violence, trafficking, mistreatment in detention, and

killings, yet the nations involved offer limited recourse to seek justice, Human Rights Watch said. More

than 215 million people live outside their country of birth, according to the United Nations.

International migration helps fuel economies across the globe. The World Bank estimates that

migrants sent home more than US$440 billion in 2010, $325 billion of which went to developing

countries. Human Rights Watch documented labor exploitation and barriers to redress for migrants in

agriculture, domestic work, and construction in Indonesia, Malaysia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon,

Saudi Arabia, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.

Human Rights Watch also found that men, women, and children can risk their lives to cross borders.

Human Rights Watch also urged governments to:

- Ensure that immigration and labor policies are designed to facilitate documented migration and do

not disproportionately punish those without proper documents;

- Reform labor laws to extend comprehensive labor protections in poorly regulated types of

employment often dominated by migrants, including domestic work and agriculture.

- Establish effective monitoring and complaint mechanisms, including translation services as needed,

rigorously investigate complaints of abuse, irrespective of an individual’s migration status, and take

steps to resolve labor disputes and criminal proceedings in a timely manner;

- Establish legally enforceable standards to govern conditions of detention including access to medical

care, and strengthen oversight to prevent and respond to abuses;

- Conduct independent reviews of expulsion policies and ensure that those subjected to forced

removals have a right to appeal, based on individual review that does not discriminate on grounds of

ethnicity or nationality;

- Develop comprehensive national strategies and strengthen international cooperation to combat

trafficking, including access to services and rehabilitation for survivors.

UNIT 5

DISABILITY RIGHTS

EU COMMISSION’S DISABILITY STRATEGY

Disabled Europeans must receive equal treatment and have equal access in all spheres of life

is the main thrust of the European Commission’s new disability strategy which was unveiled in

Brussels earlier today.

One in six people in the European Union have a disability that ranges from mild to severe. Most of

these people are all too often prevented from fully participating in society and the economy because

of physical or other barriers, as well as discrimination.

A key goal of the Commission’s strategy is to align the EU with the United Nations Convention on

disability. The EU strategy focuses on empowering people with disabilities to enjoy their rights. The

main actions are:

- Accessibility initiative

- Participation

- Funding

- More cooperation between Member States

- Awareness-raising

PARALYMPICS

In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a sports competition involving World War II veterans with a

spinal cord injury in Stoke Mandeville, England. Four years later, competitors from the Netherlands

joined the games and an international movement was born. Olympic style games for athletes with a

disability were organized for the first time in Rome in 1960, now called Paralympics. Today, the

Paralympics are elite sport events for athletes with a disability. The Paralympic Games have always

been held in the same year as the Olympic Games.

UNIT 6

GENDER EQUALITY MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION on equality

between women and men in the European Union – 2010

(2010/2138(INI)) – EXPLANATORY STATEMENT

Women have been severely affected by the crisis, in terms of their working conditions, their access to

employment, their place in society as a whole and gender equality. The Commission goal is to allow to

gender equality to emerge from the crisis. It is therefore important that the governments of the

Member States and the Commission continue to implement gender equality policies and refrain from

reducing the budgets earmarked for them.

About Poverty we can say:

As 2010 is the European Year for Combating Poverty, particular attention should be paid to the most

vulnerable groups of women.

The promotion of equality also involves combating violence against women. All forms of physical,

sexual or psychological violence must be combated and condemned. For example, acid attacks are a

form of violence that is still regrettably prevalent in certain Member States. Taboos continue to be

associated with certain forms of violence in our societies.

UN SAYS SEXUAL DISCRIMINATION IS RIFE IN BRITAIN

Discrimination issues do not only concern less developed countries but also developed countries, for

example: british women are under-represented in Parliament, paid less than men at work and

increasingly being sent to prison for committing minor offences.

UNIT 7

AGEING

AGE DISCRIMINATION

A

ge discrimination is a prejudice against a person or group of people on the grounds of their age

Typically associated with the older generations, discrimination can happen to people of all ages.

The regulations are divided into four categories: direct discrimination, indirect discrimination,

harassment and victimisation.

Direct discrimination is unfavourable treatment because of someone’s age, while indirect

discrimination involves a company’s practices having a disadvantageous effect on employees of a

certain age.

Harassment is the intimidation of younger or older employees or behaviour which people of a certain

age may find upsetting. Victimisation involves the unfair treatment of an individual who has

complained of discrimination.

The legislation covers all workers, both contracted and self-employed, and those taking part in or

applying for employment-related training including further and higher education courses.

There are groups that are not covered by the legislation. For example, members of the regular armed

forces or military reserve forces. All employees now have the right to request to work beyond the age

of 65.

UNIT 8

MENTAL HEALTH

WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?

Mental health is more than just the absence of mental illness. It is a state of well-being where

individuals realize their potential, cope with life's stresses, work productively, and contribute to their

community. In many countries, especially low- and middle-income ones, mental health services face

shortages of resources—both financial and human. Most available resources are spent on treating

mental illness, with less focus on integrated mental health systems or prevention. The goal is to move

away from care in large psychiatric hospitals and instead provide mental health services in general

hospitals and communities. Mental health promotion, which includes strategies like building individual

skills and improving the socio-economic environment, is also underfunded. This requires action from

both government and community organizations, aiming to support mental health across the

lifespan—from children to older adults. Improving mental health is key to a country's development.

Positive mental health boosts productivity and resilience, while poor mental health hinders personal

growth and community contributions. The World Health Organization (WHO) supports countries in

providing effective mental health programs to ensure treatment, prevention, and promotion are

available to those in need.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Protecting the Human Rights of People with Mental Disorders

People with mental disorders often face serious human rights violations, including stigma, isolation,

abuse, and discrimination in areas like education, work, and housing. Some are even denied basic

rights like voting or marriage.

To protect their rights, the following steps are important:

1.​ Change Attitudes: Governments, health professionals, and organizations should work

together to raise awareness, reduce stigma, and promote understanding of mental health

issues.​

2.​ Improve Mental Health Facilities: Establish systems to monitor care in mental health

facilities to prevent abuse and poor conditions. People should also be able to file complaints if

their rights are violated.​

3.​ Empower Service Users and Families: Support organizations for mental health users and

families to help highlight issues and find solutions to improve mental health care.​

4.​ Move to Community Care: Replace large psychiatric institutions with community-based

mental health services, supported by general hospitals and home care.​

5.​ Invest More in Mental Health: Governments should dedicate more