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Genetic Code
A codon is made of 3 base pairs.
There are 64 codons in total.
1 codon (AUG) encodes the start codon (methionine) and starts protein translation.
61 codons encode 20 amino acids.
3 codons are stop codons.
Translation of all proteins uses the redundant genetic code.
Nonsense Mutations
mRNA:
Normal: AUG GCU GUA GAA UGA AU
Protein: Met Ala Val Glu Stop Asn
Silent Sequence Variants
mRNA:
Normal: GGC AGU UUG AUU GUG CAA CAU A
Protein: Gly Ser Leu Ile Val Gln His
Missense Mutations
mRNA:
Normal: GGC AGU UUG AUU GUG CAA CAU A
Protein: Met Leu Gln Ala Lys Phe Gly
mRNA:
Missense: AGC UUG AUU GUG CAA CAU A
Protein: Met Leu Gln Ala Lys Phe Ser
Frameshift Mutations
mRNA:
Normal: GGC AGU UUG AUU GUG CAA CAU A
Protein: Met Leu Gln Ala Lys Phe Gly
mRNA:
Frameshift: GCA GUU GGA AUU GCA CAA UG
Protein: Met Lys Leu Ala
Mutations:
Normal: THE BIG RED DOG RAN OUT.
Missense: THE BIG RAD DOG RAN OUT.
THE BIG RED.Nonsense THE BRE DDO GRA.Frameshift (deletion) THE BIG RED ZDO GRA.Frameshift(insertion)Point mutation: a change in a single basepair
RNA Processing
Exon Intron Exon Intron Exon
DNA Transcription
PrimarymRNA AGGU ProcessingMaturemRNA TranslationProtein
Splice-Site Mutations
Exon 1 Intron Exon 2 Intron Exon 3
Exon 2 Exon 3
Exon 1
Altered mRNA
Other Types of Mutations
Mutations in regulatory regions of the gene
- Large deletions or insertions
- Chromosomal translocations or inversions
Types of Mutations
- Point Mutations
- Transcription
- Silent
- Missense
- Nonsense
- (frameshift)
- RNA Processing
- Splicing
- Poly A
- RNA stability
- Protein level
- Deletion/Insertion
- Processing
- Small
- Stability
- Large
- Altered function
- Rearrangement
- Gain
- Loss
- New