Diritto privato - nozioni generali

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

&DS/¶RUGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFR

FRPSOHVVR GL QRUPH H GL LVWLWX]LRQL PHGLDQWH OH TXDOL YLHQH

2UGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR

UHJRODWRHGLUHWWRORVYROJLPHQWRGHOODYLWDVRFLDOHHGHLUDSSRUWLWUDLVLQJROL

1RQ WXWWH OH IRUPH GL FRRSHUD]LRQH GDQQR OXRJR DG XQD³FROOHWWLYLWj´TXHVWDTXDOLILFD

YLHQHULVHUYDWDDLVROLDJJORPHUDWLGLSHUVRQHFKHFRVWLWXLVFRQRXQJUXSSRRUJDQL]]DWR

3HU DYHUHXQJUXSSRRUJDQL]]DWRRFFRUURQRWUHFRQGL]LRQL

FKHLOFRRUGLQDPHQWRVLDGLVFLSOLQDWRGDUHJROHGLFRQGRWWD

FKHTXHVWHUHJROHVLDQRGHFLVHGDDSSRVLWLRUJDQLDLTXDOLWDOHFRPSLWRVLDDIILGDWR

LQEDVHDSUHFLVHUHJROHGLVWUXWWXUDRGLFRPSHWHQ]DRRUJDQL]]DWLYH

FKHOHUHJROHGLFRQGRWWDHTXHOOHGLVWUXWWXUDVLDQRHIIHWWLYDPHQWHRVVHUYDWH

,O VLVWHPD GL UHJROH PRGHOOL H VFKHPL PHGLDQWH L TXDOL q RUJDQL]]DWD XQD FROOHWWLYLWj

YLHQHFKLDPDWR³RUGLQDPHQWR´

/¶RUGLQDPHQWRGLXQDVRFLHWjFRVWLWXLVFHLOVXRGLULWWR

(VLVWRQR GLYHUVL WLSL GL FROOHWWLYLWj &KLHVH SDUWLWL SROLWLFL VLQGDFDWL PD TXHOOD

VLFXUDPHQWHSLLPSRUWDQWHqTXHOODSROLWLFD FKHULHVFHDGDYHUHXQDVWUXWWXUDHIILFLHQWH

FKHOHFRQVHQWHGLGHGLFDUVLDOODUHDOL]]D]LRQHSXUHGLDOWULVFRSLFKHYHQJRQRULWHQXWLGL

XWLOLWjJHQHUDOH

8Q RUGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR VL GLFH TXDQGR OD VXD RUJDQL]]D]LRQH QRQ q

RULJLQDULR

VRJJHWWDDGXQFRQWUROORGLYDOLGLWjGDSDUWHGLXQ¶DOWUDRUJDQL]]D]LRQH

2JQL UHJROD GHOO¶RUGLQDPHQWR VL FKLDPD SRLFKp LO VLVWHPD GL UHJROH GD FXL q

QRUPD

DVVLFXUDWR O¶RUGLQH GL XQD VRFLHWj UDSSUHVHQWD LO ³GLULWWR´ GL TXHOOD VRFLHWj FLDVFXQD GL

WDOLQRUPHVLGLFHJLXULGLFD

, IDWWL SURGXWWLYL GL QRUPH JLXULGLFKH VL FKLDPDQR ³IRQWL´ GL VROLWR OD QRUPD YLHQH

FRQVDFUDWD LQ XQ GRFXPHQWR QRUPDWLYR Ê LPSRUWDQWH QRQ FRQIRQGHUH OD IRUPXOD LO

GHOODGLVSRVL]LRQHFRQLOSUHFHWWR FKHDTXHOWHVWRYLHQHDWWULEXLWR

WHVWR LOVLJQLILFDWR

GDOO¶LQWHUSUHWH

,OFRPSOHVVRGHOOHQRUPHGDFXLqFRVWLWXLWRFLDVFXQRUGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFRUDSSUHVHQWD

LOGLULWWRSRVLWLYRGLTXHOODVRFLHWj

,QWXWWDODVWRULDGHOO¶XRPRVLqVHPSUHSHQVDWRDOO¶HVLVWHQ]DGLXQDOWURGLULWWRLOGLULWWR

QDWXUDOH

1RQHVLVWHHQRQSXzHVLVWHUHXQVLVWHPDGLUDSSRUWL³JLXVWR´G¶DOWUDSDUWHO¶XRPRqXQ

HVVHUHLPSHUIHWWR/¶LQGLYLGXD]LRQHGLFLzFKHqRELHWWLYDPHQWHJLXVWRSUHVXSSRUUHEEHOD

FDSDFLWj GHO VLQJROR GL VSRJOLDUVL GHOOH VXH SDVVLRQL GHL VXRL HJRLVPL GHOOH VXH

FRQFH]LRQLQHFHVVDULDPHQWHVRJJHWWLYH

/H QRUPH JLXULGLFKH VL FDUDWWHUL]]DQR SHU LO IDWWR GL HVVHUH VXVFHWWLELOL GL DWWXD]LRQH

IRU]DWD R VRQR FRPXQTXH JDUDQWLWH GDOOD SUHGLVSRVL]LRQH SHU O¶LSRWHVL GL

FRHUFL]LRQH

WUDVJUHVVLRQHGLXQD FRQVHJXHQ]DLQGDQQR GHOWUDVJUHVVRUHFKLDPDWDVDQ]LRQHODFXL

PLQDFFLDIDYRULVFHO¶RVVHUYDQ]DVSRQWDQHDGHOODQRUPD

/D VDQ]LRQH SXz RSHUDUH LQ PRGR UHDOL]]DQGRFLzFKHODOHJJHSUHVFULYH RLQ

GLUHWWR

PRGRLQGLUHWWR XWLOL]]DQGRDOWULPH]]LSHURWWHQHUHO¶RVVHUYDQ]DGHOODQRUPD

1HOGLULWWRSULYDWRODVDQ]LRQHQRQRSHUDGLUHJRODGLUHWWDPHQWH

&DUDWWHULIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOODQRUPDJLXULGLFD

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

x *HQHUDOLWjODOHJJHQRQGHYHHVVHUHGHWWDWDSHUVLQJROLLQGLYLGXLEHQVuSHUWXWWLL

FRQVRFLDWL OD OHJJH QRQ GHYH HVVHUH GHWWDWD SHU VSHFLILFKH VLWXD]LRQL FRQFUHWH

x $VWUDWWH]]D

EHQVuSHUIDWWLVSHFLHDVWUDWWH RVVLDSHUVLWXD]LRQLLQGLYLGXDWHLSRWHWLFDPHQWH

ÊLPSRUWDQWHO¶HVLJHQ]DGHOULVSHWWRGHOSULQFLSLRGLHJXDJOLDQ]D FRQWHQXWRQHOO¶DUW

GHOOD&RVWLWX]LRQH FKHKDGXHSURILOL

,O SULPR q GL FDUDWWHUH HG LPSRUWD FKH WXWWL L FLWWDGLQL KDQQR SDUL GLJQLWj

IRUPDOH

VRFLDOH H VRQR HJXDOL GDYDQWL DOOD OHJJH VHQ]D GLVWLQ]LRQH GL VHVVR GL UD]]D GL

OLQJXD« ,O FRQWUROOR GHO ULVSHWWR GHO SULQFLSLR GL HJXDJOLDQ]D q DIILGDWR DOOD&RUWH

FRVWLWX]LRQDOHFKHSXzGLFKLDUDUHO¶LOOHJLWWLPLWjGLXQDQRUPD

,O VHFRQGR q GL FDUDWWHUH H VL WUDWWD GL XQ SURJUDPPD SHU LO OHJLVODWRUH

VRVWDQ]LDOH

RUGLQDULRVROOHFLWDWRDGDVVXPHUHPLVXUHLGRQHHDGDWWHQXDUHOHGLIIHUHQ]HGLIDWWR

HFRQRPLFKHHVRFLDOLFKHGLVFULPLQDQROHFRQGL]LRQLGLYLWDGHLVLQJROL

3XzDFFDGHUHFKHO¶DSSOLFD]LRQHGHOFRPDQGRDOFDVRFRQFUHWRGLDOXRJRDFRQVHJXHQ]H

FKHXUWDQRFRQWURLOVHQWLPHQWRGLJLXVWL]LD

/¶HTXLWj q VWDWD SHUWDQWR VLQWHWLFDPHQWH GHILQLWD OD JLXVWL]LD GHO FDVR VLQJROR 1HO

GLULWWRSULYDWRLOULFRUVRDOO¶HTXLWjqDPPHVVRLQFDVLHFFH]LRQDOLHSUHFLVDPHQWHLQTXHOOL

LQFXLODQRUPDJLXULGLFDULQYLDDSSXQWRDOO¶HTXLWj

,QWXWWHOHDOWUHLSRWHVLODQRUPDGHYHHVVHUHULJRURVDPHQWHDSSOLFDWD

&DS,OGLULWWRSULYDWR

,OGLULWWRSULYDWRVLOLPLWDDGLVFLSOLQDUHOHUHOD]LRQLLQWHULQGLYLGXDOLVLDGHLVLQJROLFKH

GHJOLHQWLSULYDWLQRQDIILGDQGRQHODFXUDDGRUJDQLSXEEOLFLPDODVFLDQGRDOO¶LQL]LDWLYD

SHUVRQDOHDQFKHO¶DWWXD]LRQHGHOOHVLQJROHQRUPH

/HQRUPHGLGLULWWRSULYDWRVLGLVWLQJXRQRLQ

TXHOOH OD FXL DSSOLFD]LRQH q LPSRVWD GDOO¶RUGLQDPHQWR

x LQGHURJDELOL LPSHUDWLYH

SUHVFLQGHQGRGDOODYRORQWjGHLVLQJROL

QRUPHODFXLDSSOLFD]LRQHSXzHVVHUHHYLWDWDPHGLDQWHXQ

x GHURJDELOL GLVSRVLWLYH

DFFRUGRGHJOLLQWHUHVVDWL

/H QRUPH GL GLULWWR SULYDWR VRQR SHU OD PDJJLRU SDUWH GLVSRVLWLYH ,QGLFL GHO FDUDWWHUH

GHURJDELOHSRVVRQRHVVHUHOHHVSUHVVLRQL³VDOYRGLYHUVDYRORQWjGHOOHSDUWL´³VDOYRFKH

LOWLWRORGLVSRQJDDOWULPHQWL´

3HU³IRQWL´GHOOHQRUPHJLXULGLFKHVLLQWHQGRQRJOLDWWLRLIDWWLLGRQHLDSURGXUUHGLULWWR

VRQR L GRFXPHQWL H OH SXEEOLFD]LRQL XIILFLDOL GD FXL VL SXz

/H IRQWL GL FRJQL]LRQH

SUHQGHUHFRQRVFHQ]DGHOGLULWWR ³*D]]HWWD8IILFLDOHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFD´

/HIRQWLVRQRRUGLQDWHLQXQDVFDODJHUDUFKLFD

,Q,WDOLDOHQRUPHIRQGDPHQWDOLVRQRFRQWHQXWHQHOOD&RVWLWX]LRQHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFD

LWDOLDQD

6XERUGLQDWH DOOD &RVWLWX]LRQH HG DOOH OHJJL GL UDQJR FRVWLWX]LRQDOH VRQR OH OHJJL

OD FXL SURGX]LRQH q DIILGDWD DO 3DUODPHQWR TXHVWH OHJJL QRQ SRVVRQR

RUGLQDULH

PRGLILFDUH OD &RVWLWX]LRQH R DOWUD OHJJH GL UDQJR FRVWLWX]LRQDOH Qp FRQWHQHUH

GLVSRVL]LRQLLQFRQWUDVWRFRQQRUPHFRVWLWX]LRQDOL3HUTXHVWLPRWLYLODQRVWUD&DUWD

FRVWLWX]LRQDOHKDODFDUDWWHULVWLFDGHOODULJLGLWj/DOHJJHRUGLQDULDSXzPRGLILFDUHR

DEURJDUH TXDOVLDVL QRUPD QRQ DYHQWH YDORUH GL OHJJH PHQWUH QRQ SXz HVVHUH

PRGLILFDWDRDEURJDWDVHQRQGDXQDOHJJHVXFFHVVLYD

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

+DQQRORVWHVVRYDORUHGHOOHOHJJLIRUPDOLLGHFUHWLOHJLVODWLYLHLGHFUHWLOHJJH

&LVRQRSRLLUHJRODPHQWLOHQRUPHFRRSHUDWLYHHJOLXVL

6HPSUHSLLPSRUWDQ]DVWDDVVXPHQGRLOGLULWWRFRPXQLWDULR

6SHFLDOHULOLHYRWUDWXWWHOHOHJJLRUGLQDULHYDULFRQRVFLXWRDTXHOSDUWLFRODUHWLSRGLOHJJL

FKH YHQJRQR GHILQLWH ³UDFFROWD GL OHJJL´ DEELDPR FRVu LO FRGLFH FLYLOH GL

FRGLFL

SURFHGXUDSHQDOHGHOODQDYLJD]LRQH

&RQXQFRGLFHVLYXROHGDUHDGXQDLQWHUDPDWHULDXQDVVHWWRQRQSUHFDULRHIDFLOPHQWH

PRGLILFDELOHPDWHQGHQ]LDOPHQWHGLOXQJRSHULRGR

,O &RGLFH &LYLOH FRPSUHQGH FRPSOHVVLYDPHQWH DUWLFROL FKH VSHVVR VRQR D ORUR

YROWDGLYLVLLQSLSDUWLGHQRPLQDWHFRPPD

4XDQGR XQD FHUWD JHQHUDOLWj GL FRQVRFLDWL WXWWL L FLWWDGLQL DG HV WLHQH XQ FHUWR

FRPSRUWDPHQWRHORULSHWHLQPRGRFRVWDQWHHGXQLIRUPHSHUXQFHUWRSHULRGRGLWHPSR

VHVLIRUPDODFRQYLQ]LRQHFKHVLWUDWWLGLXQFRPSRUWDPHQWRJLXULGLFDPHQWHGRYHURVR

YLHQHDFUHDUVLXQDQRUPD FKHDFTXLVWDHIILFDFLDYLQFRODQWHSHULFRQVRFLDWLSXUFKpQRQ

VLDFRQWUDOHJHP

'XHVRQRJOLHOHPHQWLFKHFRQFRUURQRDIRUPDUHO¶XVR RFRQVXHWXGLQH

ODJHQHUDOHFRVWDQWHHGXQLIRUPHULSHWL]LRQHGHOFRPSRUWDPHQWR

O¶HOHPHQWRSVLFRORJLFRFRQYLQFLPHQWRGLXQLIRUPDUVLDGXQREEOLJRJLXULGLFR

*OLXVLQRQGHYRQRHVVHUHFRQWUDULDOODOHJJH

&DS(IILFDFLDWHPSRUDOHGHOOHOHJJL

3HUO¶HQWUDWDLQYLJRUHGHLSURYYHGLPHQWLOHJLVODWLYLVLULFKLHGHROWUHDOO¶DSSURYD]LRQHGD

SDUWHGHOOHGXH&DPHUH

ODSURPXOJD]LRQHGHOODOHJJHGDSDUWHGHO3UHVLGHQWHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFD

ODSXEEOLFD]LRQHVXOOD*D]]HWWD8IILFLDOHGHOOD5HSXEEOLFD

LO GHFRUVR GL XQ SHULRGR GL WHPSR FKH YD GDOOD SXEEOLFD]LRQH DOO¶HQWUDWD LQ YLJRUH

GHOOD OHJJH H FKH GL UHJROD q GL JJ VDOYR FKH OD OHJJH VWHVVD VWDELOLVFD XQ

WHUPLQHGLYHUVR

8QD GLVSRVL]LRQH GL OHJJH YLHQH TXDQGR XQ QXRYR DWWR GLVSRQH FKH QH FHVVL

DEURJDWD

O¶HIILFDFLD

/¶DEURJD]LRQH SXz HVVHUH HVSUHVVD R WDFLWD Ê HVSUHVVD TXDQGR XQD OHJJH SRVWHULRUH

GLFKLDUD HVSOLFLWDPHQWH DEURJDWD XQD OHJJH DQWHULRUH WDFLWD VH QHOOD OHJJH VXFFHVVLYD

PDQFDWDOHGLFKLDUD]LRQHIRUPDOHPDOHGLVSRVL]LRQLSRVWHULRULVRQRD LQFRPSDWLELOL E

FRVWLWXLVFRQR XQD UHJRODPHQWD]LRQH GHOO¶LQWHUD PDWHULD JLj UHJRODWD GDOOD OHJJH

SUHFHGHQWH

)HQRPHQR VLPLOH q OD FKH VL KD TXDQGR XQD QXRYD QRUPD VRVWLWXLVFH PD VROR

GHURJD

SHU VSHFLILFL FDVL OD GLVFLSOLQD SUHYLVWD GDOOD QRUPD SUHFHGHQWH FKH FRQWLQXD SHUz DG

HVVHUH DSSOLFDELOHDWXWWLJOLDOWULFDVL

8Q¶DOWUDILJXUDGLDEURJD]LRQHqLOUHIHUHQGXPSRSRODUH TXDQGRQHIDFFLDQRULFKLHVWD

DOPHQRHOHWWRULRFLQTXH&RQVLJOLUHJLRQDOL

/¶DEURJD]LRQHGLXQDQRUPDFKHDVXDYROWDDYHYDDEURJDWRXQDQRUPDSUHFHGHQWHQRQ

ID ULYLYHUH TXHVW¶XOWLPD VDOYR FKH VLD HVSUHVVDPHQWH GLVSRVWR LQ WDO FDVR OD QRUPD VL

FKLDPDULSULVWLQDWRULD

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

/D QRUPD VL DSSOLFD DOOH IDWWLVSHFLH LQ HVVD GHVFULWWH FKH VL YHULILFDQR VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH

DOODVXDHQWUDWDLQYLJRUH ³/DOHJJHQRQGLVSRQHFKHSHUO¶DYYHQLUHHVVDQRQKDHIIHWWR

UHWURDWWLYR´

1HOQRVWURRUGLQDPHQWRVROWDQWRODOHJJHSHQDOHQRQSXzHVVHUHUHWURDWWLYD

&DS/¶DSSOLFD]LRQHHO¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHGHOODOHJJH

3HU GHOOD OHJJH VL LQWHQGH OD FRQFUHWD UHDOL]]D]LRQH QHOOD YLWD GHOOD

DSSOLFD]LRQH

FROOHWWLYLWjGLTXDQWRqRUGLQDWRGDOOHUHJROHFKHFRPSRQJRQRLOGLULWWRGHOOR6WDWR

/¶DSSOLFD]LRQHGHOOHQRUPHGLGLULWWRSULYDWRqODVFLDWDGLVROLWRDOODSUXGHQ]DHDOEXRQ

VHQVR GHL VLQJROL /D PDJJLRU SDUWH GHOOH OLWL FKH GL VROLWR LQVRUJRQR QRQ DUULYDQR

DOO¶HVDPHGHOJLXGLFHRUHVWDQRLQVROXWHRYHQJRQRULVROWHHVWUDJLXGL]LDOPHQWH

x ULQXQFLDDOODOLWHGDSDUWHGLXQRGHLGXHOLWLJDQWL

RVVLD DFFRUGR FRO TXDOH OH SDUWL FRPSRQJRQR OD OLWH IDFHQGRVL

x WUDQVD]LRQH

UHFLSURFKHFRQFHVVLRQL ULVSHWWRDJOLLQL]LDOLSXQWLGLYLVWD

DFFRUGRSHUGHILQLUHODFRQWURYHUVLDDGXQRRSLDUELWULSULYDWL

x FRPSURPHVVR

'LIURQWHDOO¶LQL]LDWLYDJLXGL]LDOHGHOO¶DWWRUHLOFRQYHQXWRSXzDVVXPHUHXQRGHLVHJXHQWL

DWWHJJLDPHQWL

QRQFRVWLWXLUVLLQJLXGL]LRULQXQFLDQGRDGLIHQGHUVL

x FRVWLWXLUVL LQ JLXGL]LR SHU RSSRUVL DOO¶DFFRJOLPHQWR GHOOD GRPDQGD GHOO¶DWWRUH /H

x UDJLRQLVXFXLLOFRQYHQXWRVLIRQGDSHUFKLHGHUHODUHLH]LRQHGHOOHGRPDQGHDWWULFL

VLFKLDPDQRHFFH]LRQL HSRVVRQRHVVHUH³GLIDWWR´R³GLGLULWWR´

FRVWLWXLUVLLQJLXGL]LRSHUSURSRUUHDVXDYROWDGHOOHGRPDQGHULFRQYHQ]LRQDOLFRQWUR

x O¶DWWRUH XQ WHVWR QRUPDWLYR YXRO GLUH GHFLGHUH FKH FRVD VL ULWLHQH FKH LO WHVWR

,QWHUSUHWDUH

HIIHWWLYDPHQWHSRVVDVLJQLILFDUHHFRQVHJXHQWHPHQWHFRPHYDGDQRULVROWL LFRQIOLWWLFKH

LQVRUJRQRQHOODVXDDSSOLFD]LRQH

/¶DWWLYLWjGLLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHQRQSXzHVDXULUVLQHOPHURHVDPHGHLGDWLWHVWXDOL

,O FDQRQH PHWRGRORJLFR SUHVFULYH GL DWWHQHUVL RYXQTXH VLD SRVVLELOH SHUFKp OD OHWWHUD

GHOODOHJJHQRQqRVFXUDDGXQDGLFKLDUD]LRQHLQWHUSUHWDWLYD4XDQGRLQYHFHLOSURFHVVR

LQWHUSUHWDWLYR DWWULEXLVFH DG XQD GLVSRVL]LRQH XQ VLJQLILFDWR GLYHUVR GD TXHOOR FKH

DSSDULUHEEH VL SDUOD GL LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH ³FRUUHWWLYD´ QHOOH GXH IRUPH ³HVWHQVLYD´ H

³UHVWULWWLYD´

'DOSXQWRGLYLVWD GHLVRJJHWWLFKHVYROJRQRO¶DWWLYLWjLQWHUSUHWDWLYDVLVXROHGLVWLQJXHUH

WUDLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHJLXGL]LDOHGRWWULQDOHHDXWHQWLFD

6LWHQWDGLLQGLYLGXDUHQRQJLjO¶LQWHQ]LRQHGLXQLQHVLVWHQWHOHJLVODWRUHPD³ORVFRSR´

FKHODGLVSRVL]LRQHSHUVHJXH

FULWHULRGLLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHWHOHRORJLFR

$OWULFULWHULSRVVRQRHVVHUH

x FULWHULRORJLFR

x FULWHULRVWRULFR

x FULWHULRVLVWHPDWLFR

x FULWHULRVRFLRORJLFR

x FULWHULRHTXLWDWLYR

$QDORJLDSURFHGLPHQWRSHULOTXDOHGDGLVSRVL]LRQLFKHUHJRODQRFDVLVLPLOLRPDWHULH

DQDORJKHDTXHOODGDGHFLGHUHVLULFDYDXQDQRUPDQRQ VFULWWDLGRQHDDULVROYHUHLOFDVR

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

,OULFRUVRDOO¶DQDORJLDqDPPLVVLELOHDFRQGL]LRQHFKHQRQVROWDQWRVXVVLVWDXQUDSSRUWR

GL VRPLJOLDQ]D R DIILQLWj WUD OH GXH IDWWLVSHFLH PD FKH YL VLD LQROWUH XQD LGHQWLWj GL

QHO VHQVR FKH OD JLXVWLILFD]LRQH GHOOD VROX]LRQH GDWD DO FDVR GLVFLSOLQDWR DSSDLD

UDWLR

WDOHGDSRWHUHVVHUHHVWHVDDQFKHDOODIDWWLVSHFLHQRQUHJRODWD

3HU OH OHJJL SHQDOL QRQ YDOH LO SULQFLSLR GHOO¶DQDORJLD PD VL SXz XWLOL]]DUH

XQ¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHHVWHQVLYD ODGLIIHUHQ]DSUDWLFDPHQWHQRQHVLVWH

&DS,FRQIOLWWLGLOHJJLQHOORVSD]LR

,O GLULWWR YLJHQWH LQ FLDVFXQ RUGLQDPHQWR VL DSSOLFD D WXWWL FLWWDGLQL H VWUDQLHUL FKH VL

WURYLQR QHO WHUULWRULR RYH TXHOO¶RUGLQDPHQWR q LQ YLJRUH FRVu FRPH DOO¶HVWHUR RJQL

SHUVRQDqVRJJHWWDQHFHVVDULDPHQWHDOOHOHJJLORFDOL4XHVWRYDOHSHULOGLULWWRSXEEOLFR

PDQRQSHULOGLULWWRSULYDWR

,QFLDVFXQSDHVHYHQJRQRTXLQGLHODERUDWHQRUPHGLGLULWWRSULYDWRLQWHUQD]LRQDOH

qLOULVXOWDWRGLDFFRUGLWUDLSDHVL

x QRQ FRPSUHQGH VROR QRUPH GL GLULWWR SULYDWR PD DQFKH SHU HV L UDSSRUWL GL WLSR

x SURFHVVXDOH

qFRVWLWXLWRGDUHJROHVWUXPHQWDOLFKHVLOLPLWDQRDGLQGLYLGXDUHDTXDOHRUGLQDPHQWR

x GHEED IDUVL FDSR SHU JLXQJHUH SRL DSSOLFDQGR O¶RUGLQDPHQWR FRVu LQGLYLGXDWR D

VWDELOLUHFRPH TXHOUDSSRUWRYDGDGLVFLSOLQDWR

3HUVWDELOLUHTXDOHVLDO¶RUGLQDPHQWRGDDSSOLFDUHRFFRUUHLQSULPROXRJRSURFHGHUHDOOD

TXDOLILFD]LRQH GHOUDSSRUWRLQTXHVWLRQHHYLGHQ]LDQGRQHODQDWXUD VXFFHVVLRQHDFDXVD

PRUWHREEOLJD]LRQHFRQWUDWWXDOH«

)DWWRFLzRFFRUUHFKHODQRUPDGLGLULWWRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHSULYDWRSUHFLVLXQHOHPHQWRGHO

UDSSRUWR SHU HOHYDUOR D PRPHQWR GL FROOHJDPHQWR RVVLD D PRPHQWR GHFLVLYR SHU OD

LQGLYLGXD]LRQHGHOO¶RUGLQDPHQWRFRPSHWHQWHDUHJRODUHLOUDSSRUWRLQRJJHWWR

1HOFDVRLQFXLXQDFRQWURYHUVLDVLDJLjVWDWDSURSRVWDGDYDQWLDGXQJLXGLFHVWUDQLHURLO

JLXGLFH LWDOLDQR GHYH VRVSHQGHUH LO JLXGL]LR TXDORUD O¶HPDQDQGR SURYYHGLPHQWR

VWUDQLHURVLDLGRQHRDSURGXUUHHIIHWWRSHUO¶RUGLQDPHQWRLWDOLDQR

/D OHJJH VWUDQLHUD QRQ SXz HVVHUH DSSOLFDWD ³VH L VXRL HIIHWWL VRQR FRQWUDUL DOO¶RUGLQH

SXEEOLFR´

3HU TXDQWR ULJXDUGD OD ³FDSDFLWj JLXULGLFD GHOOH SHUVRQH ILVLFKH´ VL DSSOLFD OD OHJJH

QD]LRQDOH GHOODSHUVRQD

/D³FDSDFLWjGLDJLUH GHOOHSHUVRQHILVLFKH´qSXUHUHJRODWDGDOODORUR³OHJJHQD]LRQDOH´

/R VWDWR GL ILJOLR ³q GHWHUPLQDWR GDOOD OHJJH QD]LRQDOH GHO ILJOLR DO PRPHQWR GHOOD

QDVFLWD´

/¶DGR]LRQHqUHJRODWD³GDOGLULWWRQD]LRQDOHGHOO¶DGRWWDWRRGHJOLDGRWWDQWLVHFRPXQHR

LQ PDQFDQ]D GDO GLULWWR GHOOR 6WDWR QHO TXDOH OD ORUR YLWD PDWULPRQLDOH q

SUHYDOHQWHPHQWHORFDOL]]DWDDOPRPHQWRGHOO¶DGR]LRQH´

/D VXFFHVVLRQH ³q UHJRODWD GDOOD OHJJH QD]LRQDOH GHO VRJJHWWR GHOOD FXL

PRUWLV FDXVD

HUHGLWjVLWUDWWDDOPRPHQWRGHOODPRUWH´

7UD JOL VWUDQLHUL ELVRJQD GLVWLQJXHUH L FG ³FLWWDGLQL GDL FG

FRPXQLWDUL´

³H[WUDFRPXQLWDUL´

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

/D³&LWWDGLQDQ]DGHOO¶8QLRQH´qDWWULEXLWDD³FKLXQTXHDEELDODFLWWDGLQDQ]DGLXQR6WDWR

PHPEUR´3HUJOLH[WUDFRPXQLWDULLOJRGLPHQWRGHLGLULWWLFLYLOLqDPPHVVRLQ,WDOLDVROR

³DFRQGL]LRQHGLUHFLSURFLWj´

6(=,21(35,0$/¶$77,9,7$¶*,85,',&$

&DS,OUDSSRUWRJLXULGLFR

q FROXL D FXL O¶RUGLQDPHQWR JLXULGLFR DWWULEXLVFH LO SRWHUH R

6RJJHWWR DWWLYR GLULWWR

6RJJHWWRSDVVLYR qFROXLDFDULFRGHOTXDOHVWDLOGRYHUH

VRJJHWWLYR

/HSHUVRQHWUDOHTXDOLLQWHUFRUUHXQUDSSRUWRJLXULGLFRVLFKLDPDQRSDUWL

5HJRODJHQHUDOHqFKHLOUDSSRUWRJLXULGLFRQRQSURGXFHHIIHWWLQpDIDYRUHQpDGDQQR

GHOWHU]R

,O UDSSRUWR JLXULGLFR QRQ q FKH XQD ILJXUD GL XQD FDWHJRULD SL DPSLD OD VLWXD]LRQH

JLXULGLFD

,OGLULWWRVRJJHWWLYRqODVLJQRULDGHOYROHUHLOSRWHUHGLDJLUHSHULOVRGGLVIDFLPHQWRGHO

SURSULRLQWHUHVVHSURWHWWRGDOO¶RUGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFR

,QDOFXQLLOSRWHUHQRQqDWWULEXLWRDOVLQJRORQHOO¶LQWHUHVVHSURSULRPDSHUUHDOL]]DUHXQ

LQWHUHVVHDOWUXL4XHVWHILJXUHGLSRWHULFKHDOWHPSRVWHVVRVRQRGRYHUL SRWHULGRYHUL VL

FKLDPDQRSRWHVWj

/H VRQR LQYHFH PDQLIHVWD]LRQL GHO GLULWWR VRJJHWWLYR FKH QRQ KDQQR FDUDWWHUH

IDFROWj

DXWRQRPR PD VRQR LQ HVVR FRPSUHVH 4XHVWH QRQ VL HVWLQJXRQR VH QRQ VL HVWLQJXH LO

GLULWWRGLFXLIDQQRSDUWH

3XzDYYHQLUHFKHO¶DFTXLVWRGLXQGLULWWRGHULYLGDOFRQFRUVRGLSLHOHPHQWLVXFFHVVLYL

6HGLTXHVWLDOFXQLVLVLDQRYHULILFDWLHGDOWULQRVLKDODILJXUDGHOO¶DVSHWWDWLYD

/¶DVSHWWDWLYDqSHUFLzXQLQWHUHVVHSUHOLPLQDUHGHOVRJJHWWRWXWHODWRLQYLDSURYYLVRULDH

VWUXPHQWDOHRVVLDTXDOHPH]]RDOILQHGLDVVLFXUDUHODSRVVLELOLWjGHOVRUJHUHGHLGLULWWL

q XQD TXDOLWj JLXULGLFD FKH VL ULFROOHJD DOOD SRVL]LRQH GHOO¶LQGLYLGXR LQ XQD

6WDWXV

FROOHWWLYLWj

&ROXLDOTXDOHO¶RUGLQDPHQWRJLXULGLFRDWWULEXLVFHLOGLULWWRVRJJHWWLYRVLFKLDPDWLWRODUH

GHOGLULWWRPHGHVLPR

/¶HVHUFL]LR GHYH HVVHUH GLVWLQWR GDOOD VXD FKH

GHO GLULWWR VRJJHWWLYR UHDOL]]D]LRQH

FRQVLVWHQHOO¶DWWXD]LRQHQHOODVRGGLVID]LRQHGHOO¶LQWHUHVVHSURWHWWRVHEEHQHVSHVVRLGXH

IHQRPHQLSRVVRQRFRLQFLGHUH

/DUHDOL]]D]LRQHGHOIHQRPHQRSXzHVVHUHVSRQWDQHDRFRDWWLYD

'LULWWLDVVROXWLJDUDQWLVFRQRDOWLWRODUHXQSRWHUHFKHHJOLSXzIDUYDOHUHYHUVRWXWWL

'LULWWLUHODWLYLDVVLFXUDQRDOWLWRODUHXQSRWHUHFKHHJOLSXzIDUYDOHUHVRORQHLFRQIURQWL

GLXQDRSLSHUVRQHGHWHUPLQDWH

7LSLFLGLULWWLDVVROXWLVRQRLGLULWWLUHDOL HFLRqLGLULWWLVXXQDFRVD

/DFDWHJRULDGHLGLULWWLUHODWLYLVLULIHULVFHLQSULPROXRJRDLGLULWWLGLFUHGLWRTXHOODGHL

GLULWWL DVVROXWL QRQ FRPSUHQGH VROR L GLULWWL UHDOL PD DQFKH L FRVLGGHWWL GLULWWL GHOOD

SHUVRQDOLWj FRQVLVWRQR QHO SRWHUH GL RSHUDUH LO PXWDPHQWR GHOOD VLWXD]LRQH

'LULWWL SRWHVWDWLYL

JLXULGLFDGLXQDOWURVRJJHWWR

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP ZZZVWXGHQWLGHOODFDWWROLFDFRP

6LWXD]LRQLVRJJHWWLYHSDVVLYHILJXUDGHOGRYHUHJHQHULFRGLDVWHQVLRQH FKHLQFRPEHVX

WXWWL FRPH URYHVFLR GHOOD ILJXUD GHO GLULWWR DVVROXWR TXHOOD GHOO¶REEOLJR FXL q WHQXWR LO

VRJJHWWR SDVVLYR GL XQ UDSSRUWR REEOLJDWRULR D FXL ID ULVFRQWUR QHO VRJJHWWR DWWLYR OD

RVVLD LO SRWHUH GL HVLJHUH LO FRPSRUWDPHQWR H TXHOOD GHOOD FKH

SUHWHVD VRJJH]LRQH

FRUULVSRQGHDOGLULWWRSRWHVWDWLYR

)LJXUDGHOO¶RQHUHULFRUUHTXDQGRDGXQVRJJHWWRqDWWULEXLWRXQSRWHUHPDO¶HVHUFL]LRGL

WDOHSRWHUHqFRQGL]LRQDWRDGXQDGHPSLPHQWR

,O UDSSRUWR JLXULGLFR VL FRVWLWXLVFH DOORUFKp LO VRJJHWWR DWWLYR DFTXLVWD LO GLULWWR

VRJJHWWLYRO¶DFTXLVWRSXzHVVHUHGLGXHVSHFLHDWLWRORRULJLQDULR LOGLULWWRVRJJHWWLYR

VRUJHDIDYRUHGLXQDSHUVRQDVHQ]DHVVHUHWUDVPHVVRGDQHVVXQR DWLWRORGHULYDWLYR LO

GLULWWR VL WUDVPHWWH