Discorso per esame orale in Lingua inglese

DISCORSO ORALE DEFINITIVO

GRAMMATICA

PRESENT SIMPLE→ Bare infinitive + ‘s’ in the 3rd person singular “She smokes a lot.”→ things that are true in general or that

happen repeatedly, PERMANENT situations.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS→ Present Simple of BE + base form + -ing “We are running in the park.”→ is used to talk about an

action that has not yet been completed or finished; things happening at or around the time of speaking; TEMPORARY

situations

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE→ Present Simple of HAVE + Past Participle “A fire alarm has gone off at the school” →something

HAS HAPPENED, usually NEW INFORMATION

CONDITIONALS:

The Type 2 Conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are

not based on fact→ IF + Subject + Past Simple + , + Would + bare infinitive (Present Conditional) “If I won the lottery, I would

buy a bigger house. (but it is unlikely)” (You can also invert the order) “I would buy a bigger house if I won the lottery” The

Type 3 Conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts are the

opposite of what is expressed, the if clause uses the Past Perfect Simple and the main clause uses the Perfect Conditional

(would + Present Perfect) The two clauses are separated by a comma→ IF + Subject + Past Perfect Simple + , + would +

Present Perfect (Perfect Conditional) “If I had known you were coming, I would have cleaned the house (but I didn’t know

you were coming)” you can invert the order without putting the comma “I would have cleaned the house if I had known you

were coming” In Type 3 Conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of “would” to express

the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the result. If I had known you were coming, I might have

cleaned the house (but I didn’t know you were coming)

The Zero Conditional is used for when the time being referred to is the present (now) or always and the situation is real and

possible. The Zero Conditional is often used to refer to general truths→ IF + Subject + Present Simple + , + Present Simple

“If we heat ice, it melts”

The Type 1 Conditional is used to express something that will probably happen in the future. The Type 1 Conditional refers

to a possible condition and its probable result. → IF + Subject + Present Simple + , + Future Simple (Will + base form) “If you

don’t hurry, you will miss the train” Can / May / Might / Could:

We use can + bare infinitive for something that is generally possible, something we know often happens. We are almost

90% sure: “Prices can be high in London” Can is not used to talk about specific possibilities: “He could be on the bus (not

can be)” May / Might / Could→ We use May, Might and Could + base form when we are not sure about the future, when

we are talking about possibilities, not certainties: ”Take an umbrella with you. It might rain later”

Will / Should

We use will and won't + bare infinitive when we are very sure. We are about 80% sure “She'll be at work now”

Should and shouldn't + bare infinitive are used to make an assumption about what is probably true, if everything is going as

we expect. We are about 70% sure: “They should be here by now”

Musn’t / Don’t Have To / Can’t or Cannot

Must shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker.

Have to shows that the obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker. This is usually referring to a rule or law.

Mustn't do something means it's necessary not to do it, it is forbidden

Can’t or cannot means you are physically unable to do something or expresses prohibition.

Narrative tenses: Narrative tenses are used to talk about the past. We can use them to tell stories and to describe past

events Past Simple: Subject + past tense “He went to the station”

Past Continuous: Subject + be (past) + verb –ing “He was going to the station” (events that started in the past but continue

and have consequences in the present)

Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle “He had gone to the station”

Past Perfect Continuous: Subject + had + been + verb –ing “He had been going to the station” To say that something had

been happening for a period of time before something else happened, often expressed in the Past Simple or Past Perfect.

PRESENT SIMPLE→ for habits and repeated actions or for something generally true

PRESENTE CONTINUOUS→ To describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE → To say that something has happened, often new information: The police have arrested the

thief, there is a connection with NOW

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS→ To speak about an activity or an action that has continued for a certain period of time,

that has recently stopped or just stopped. There is a connection with NOW

PAST SIMPLE→ an action that took place in the past and no longer has any relationship with the present. The duration of

the action is irrelevant. The Past Simple is always associated with a certain type of temporal expressions: Adverbs of

frequency, Expressions that indicate a precise moment in the past (last week), Expressions that indicate an unspecified

moment in the past (a long time ago)

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE→ something that happened in the past. “Jane arrived at the party (Past Simple). This is the starting

point of our story IN THE PAST. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened BEFORE this time, we use the Past

Perfect Simple. When Jane arrived at the party, John had already gone home”

FUTURE FORMS:

We use several different forms to talk about the future. When we know about the future, we normally use the present

tenses.

The most common are:

Present Simple (for something scheduled) John arrives in about half-an-hour from now.

Present Continuous (for plans or arrangements) Sam is working in Singapore next week.

Be going to + base form (for plans or intentions/predictions) They’re going to build a new shopping centre.

Modal will + base form (Future Simple) (for beliefs/wants/offers & promises) I think they will postpone the football match.

Modals may, might, could + base form (when we are unsure about the future) They might come for dinner tomorrow.

Modal should + base form (when we think there is a good chance) Sarah should pass her exam!

USED TO DO, USED TO DOING:

I used to do something: I did it regularly in the past but no longer do it. SUBJECT + USED TO + INFINITIVE

I am used to (doing) something: It isn’t strange or new for me SUBJECT + BE + USED + TO + GERUND/NOUN PASSIVE VERBS:

I eat an apple (ACTIVE) → Present Simple of EAT

An apple is eaten by me (PASSIVE) → Present Simple of BE + Past Participle of EAT

Some of the Biggest Cultural Mistakes Tourists Make

In America, leaving anything other than a 15% tip can seem rude - In Japan, however, it's the opposite. Sitting on a bed in

your “outdoor clothing”. Putting a hat or flowers on the bed In Italy it is considered very bad luck to put your hat or flowers

on a bed, as it is reserved for the deceased. Kissing or holding hands outside You might be accustomed to public displays of

affection in western countries, but in India, kissing in public can get you jailed for “public obscenity.” Raising your arms to

wave in Greece In Greece, extending all five of your fingers while waving your arms is an insulting gesture. Entering or exiting

the room first Asian culture has a huge focus on respect towards the elderly, so they are always allowed to exit and enter

the room first. Taking a business card in Japan and immediately putting it in your pocket The Japanese take business cards

very seriously, to the point where presenting them is a ritual

British Etiquette

Apologising In the UK, people have a tendency to over-apologise. Britain isn’t a particularly tactile country, Social kissing is

becoming popular in Britain, but it is by no means an accepted norm. Discussing Money Unlike in most countries, discussing

how much you earn or how much something costs has traditionally been a strictly taboo subject according to British

etiquette. Sometimes British people find it embarrassing to discuss money and it can be seen as rude. Respect for Authority

Figures It is very rude to disrespect people in authority. For example, to look at the floor when you are being told off woul

be considered a rude and disobedient gesture In the UK. Tea In the UK, tea is an integral part of everyday life. It is part of

many British people’s daily routine and serves many social functions. If you are in a group, you may be served a pot of tea.

If the pot is placed near you, it is polite to pour tea for the rest of the group. Tea should be poured first and milk and sugar

added afterwards. If your tea is too hot to drink, don’t blow on it. Wait patiently for it to cool.

Niche Tourism Vs Mass Tourism

Mass tourism: as in more attractions, more tourists, more leisure time, bigger hotels, larger aircrafts, many more flights.

niche tourism: caters for small groups that are fond to discover unusual places, to find more diverse things, special things

that are tailored to the specific needs and interests of the tourist. Another interesting aspect of niche tourism is that it tends

to attract high spenders, and this means high profit margins for the tourism company operating on a small scale. There are

also the micro-niches. Examples, well, there are people who would love to spend a ‘cool’ night at an ice hotel or glass igloo

in the Arctic Circle, and see the magic Northern Lights. Or visit a haunted house and experience the fear of sleeping in a

haunted place.

Cultural Awareness

When visiting a new place we need to think about the cultural differences to avoid misunderstandings. do online research

to read about any particular expressions or gestures you should avoid doing. Try to avoid turning down vodka in Russia,

when it's offered, it's a sign of trust and friendship. Vodka is served neat, and you should drink it all at once, as Russians

consider sipping vodka to be rude. In the Middle East it is discourteous to touch food with your left hand, as they consider

the left hand unclean, while in Japan, it's considered rude to cross your legs in presence of someone older or more respected

than you. Personal space is the distance that you keep between yourself and another person. It varies from place to place

and from culture to culture. In the US, Canada and the English-speaking countries it is common to respect each other’s

distance. While in the Middle East and Asia it is common to stand close to each other. It’s important to understand the

personal space of a different culture so as not to seem rude or pushy.

HEALTH AND MEDICINE

Health promotion programmes aim to involve and allow individuals and communities to choose healthy behaviours, and

make changes that reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and other illnesses. Four goals should be addressed by

those who are involved in medical treatment:

1. Disease prevention and promotion and maintenance of health;

2. Relief of pain and suffering caused by illnesses;

3. Care and cure of those with an illness and the care of those who cannot be cured;

4. Avoidance of premature death and the pursuit of a peaceful death.

The “Metaphor of War” and Research

Since the beginning of the 1880s, when the identification of bacteria as agents of disease occurred, the metaphor of a “war”

against illness and suffering has been popular and widely employed. Cancer cells “invade” the body, “war stories” are a

feature of “life in the trenches” of medicine, and the constant hope is for a “magic bullet” that will cure disease in an instant.

Historically, there can be little doubt that one of the main objectives of medicine has been the relief of pain and suffering.

Disease prevention

Primary prevention refers to actions aimed at avoiding the manifestation of a disease. These include:

-actions to improve health through changing the impact of social and economic factors on health;

-information on behavioural and medical health risks, alongside consultation and m