Appunti Medieval Germanic Studies

Interlinguistic and Intersystemic Rewriting

Say how, that is, it does not say whether it should be faithful or free.

Intersemiotic adaptations: from a written language to music or to drawings or to film. There is a change in semiotic language.

Rewriting: Umbrella term "interpretation" given by Eco: you always interpret, so you always rewrite.

There are scholars that have underlined how every time we translate, we rewrite.

Rewriting includes translation proper.

It depends on the point of view: you can consider a very wide concept that includes translation, and then when you want to refer to translation, you must be specific about it (let's call everything translation or everything rewriting after we have considered and analyzed the text). Presenting Genesis or presenting Bible different forms of rewriting the Bible.

Ælfric tried to be faithful, but it is not always very faithful (in syntax, that is not reproduced in the same way as Latin, or also viewing the translation of different concepts).

everybody to read the Bible. Ælfric did not want that because he was afraid that everybody would have read the Bible and would have understood it in a wrong way.

Luther explains why he did not translate “Ave Maria piena di grazia” in a literal way, o because this was said by the angel Gabriel. A normal person would have not understood this passage, because a person cannot be “full” of grace (a bag full of money, a tin full of wine, but not a person full of something).

Dear Mary

Dear gracious Mary he was not sure about his solution because he did not want to be condemned since he did not translate in a complete orthodox way.

You do not think of bread, but of his assistance and help.

You can keep it and let people not understand anything, or you can change it and adapt it.

Adaptation/Addomestication- If you eliminate the concept that Mary is “full of grace”, you do not consider Mary at the same level as a God, indeed Luther does not want

Mary to be worshipped, only God should be worshipped.- A very free and addomesticating translation runs the risk to eliminate the concepts that are embedded in the original text.- You must decide what to do, what is your purpose, and adapt your translation basing on the concept.- There are different solutions to different purposes and find a balance in the continuum.Y .- OU CANNOT ELIMINATE REWRITING FROM TRANSLATION- Rewriting concept introduced by LeFevere.- Refraction word mutated from physics (when light goes through glass or water, than it is refracted).You cannot go from one language to another without making changes.o Translation studied are descriptive, no longer normative, so they had to describe and try too understand what led the translator to go from one strategy to another, and described translation in the context (translation tends to be different basing on the period and on the interest).In the U.S.A. now translation tends to be addomesticating and fluent (fluency is

A positive element of a good translation is that "this text does not even seem like a translation because Americans feel like the most powerful country in the world, so they only study their own history (they do not know anything outside their own country, so they require translations that do not disturb their view, so other cultural elements are eliminated). The U.S.A. has an important scholar, Lawrence Venuti, that talks about the translator's invisibility."

In a translation where the translator is not invisible, there is the possibility to introduce new points of view and new concepts. By keeping foreign words that come from a foreign culture and making the translation look like a translation, you can delve into new concepts.

Translation studies simply describe the various solutions chosen by translators, and there are many options in that continuum. It does not provide rules, but rather observes and describes the solutions chosen by different individuals.

The concept of comitatus is a central theme in the epic poem Beowulf. It refers to the bond of loyalty and mutual obligation between a lord and his warriors. In the poem, Beowulf is the embodiment of comitatus as he leads his loyal thanes into battle against various foes.

If you are interested in reading Beowulf, you can find the text online at the following links:

• https://ebeowulf.uky.edu/
• https://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/CD/main.html
• http://www.maldura.unipd.it/dllags/brunetti/OE/TESTI/Beowulf/Trilingue/index.html
• http://www.maldura.unipd.it/dllags/brunetti/OE/TESTI/Beowulf/Trilingue/index.php?lingua=ita

If you prefer to listen to a performance of Beowulf, you can watch Benjamin Bagby's rendition on YouTube:

In the final part of the poem, Beowulf faces a dragon that poses a threat to his people. Despite his old age (50 was considered old in those times), Beowulf, as the king of his own country, takes on the challenge to protect his subjects.

When Beowulf dies, his thanes perform his funeral rites. The poem begins with the funeral of the first Danish king, who is placed in a boat with his belongings and set adrift on the water. It ends with Beowulf's funeral, where his thanes set him on fire and build a burial mound near the sea as a lasting tribute to his legacy.

must be protective. The lord is described as the “helm”, protector of the people. He is like a father to his population.

- Lofgeornost: eager of fame and praise characteristic that is typical of the hero. The hero does not keep the treasure for himself, but then the main objective of the hero is fame and praise.

The barrel is built on the sea so everyone can see, to keep remembering him.

• Memory is important for the hero.

T RADUZIONE

Poi la gente di Weder costruì sopra al capo un alto e spazioso riparo, visibile in lungo e in largo ai viaggiatori sul mare. Lo fabbricarono in dieci giorni quel monumento al re famoso in battaglia. Intorno ai resti del rogo costruirono un muro nella foggia più prestigiosa che riuscirono ad inventare uomini assai ingegnosi.

Portarono dentro al tumolo anelli e sigilli, e tutti gli oggetti preziosi che con progetti violenti avevano tolto al tesoro. I gioielli dei conti li dettero in custodia alla terra, e l’oro ai sassi, dove

Rimasto fino ad oggi inservibile come era sempre stato per gli uomini. Alla fine in giro al tumolo cavalcarono dodici figli di principi strenui in combattimento per lamentare il tutto, la loro perdita e piangere il re, per pronunciare un compianto poetico, per parlare di lui. Lodarono il suo prestigio, le sue gesta di valore, elogiarono i suoi meriti com'è giusto che faccia chi celebra a gran voce un sovrano ed un amico e chi lo onora in spirito al momento di accompagnarlo a lasciare la casa del corpo. Così lamentarono i principi geati la morte del loro signore, i compagni delle sue stanze dissero che era stato tra tutti i re del mondo il più generoso con i suoi, il più cortese tra gli uomini, il più gentile con la sua gente, e il più smanioso di gloria.

Old English is no longer understandable and requires a translation within the same language, intertemporal translation.- Paratext: all that goes with the text (notes, glossary, introduction,