Appunti grammatica inglese 1 per l'esame scritto

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QUANDO.- I’m seeing the dentist at 6pm-we are getting married next week.Possiamo usare anche be going to. → I’m going to play tennis today.Future time clauses→ when, as soon as, until, before, after. WE USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE.

Altri usi di will: promesse, fatti futuri, proposte (shall we..?), richieste.

MAY OR MIGHT

Might è usata per situazioni che sono difficilmente probabili o che non sono effettivamente accadute.

May, invece, si occupa di situazioni che sono possibili o che potrebbero essere fattibili.

I might be late for dinner today (=not sure)

The economy might suffer a global recession next year.

She looks very tired. She might not come with us.

Temperatures may go up this year.

We may not have enough time to finish the report for tomorrow.

Present perfect → has (‘s) have (‘ve) have not (haven’t)

1. Past actions (No time mentioned) (finite)

2. Just, Already, yet.

3. Recently

4. Time expression (today, this week) (tempo che non è finito)

Past experiences (never, ever, before) 6. How many times -> quante volte è accaduto fino ad ora 7. have gone -> continua Have been -> finito 8)for, since 9. lately, all morning, all year (continuano) 10. Don't use ago Past simple -> specifichiamo quando è accaduto qualcosa. Usiamo espressioni al passato (last week, yesterday) Per introdurre un evento passato usiamo il Present Perfect per continuare il discorso usiamo il Past Simple. I've been to the cinema What did you see? I saw a very good film. Present perfect continuous Have been+ ing We use the present perfect continuous with action verbs to talk about situation that started in the past and have not finished or have just finished. Have you been crying? Sorry I am so dirty, but I've been painting. We can use the present perfect continuous to talk about continuous or repeated actions or situations from the past till now. She's been calling you for days (she has repeated this action for several days) We can

• use for, since, how long, Lately, all day, all week etc to ask or say how long the situation has been happening.
• I haven't been feeling well lately.
• She has been studying very hard for weeks.
• We must use the present perfect simple with non-action verbs (stative verbs), and we normally use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs.
• We've had this car for years. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE.
• I haven't been sleeping well lately. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
• We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs for situations that started in the past and still continue when we want to emphasise how long the situation has lasted.
• I have been waiting for hours!
• We use the present perfect continuous for action or situation that may not have finished or that may have finished very recently.
• We can use the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous for actions with present results.
• We use the present perfect simple if the present results come from completing the

action. Look how nice my car looks. I've washed it. Use the present perfect continuous if the present results come from the process of doing the action. Sorry I'm so sweaty, I've been washing my car. How long VS how many/Much We use the present perfect continuous to talk about the duration of an action, about how long we have been doing something. I've been writing emails for hours. Past simple We use the past simple to talk about completed actions in the past. We ate out yesterday (the action is finished). In a story, we use the past simple to talk about past events in chronological order, the main event of a story. He called me and told me to go, but when I arrived he wasn't there. We also use the past simple to talk about past habits or past states. We often went to the bar for a drink before dinner. Past continuous We use the past continuous to set the scene in a story. Last night, I was walking alone and listening to my iPod when... We use the past continuous for...

Action in progress in the past or longer action interrupted by shorter action in past simple.

After dinner I went into the living room and saw that she was crying.

Past perfect

We use the past perfect simple to talk about an earlier past: events which happened before the main event.

We use the past perfect simple to talk about earlier events and experiences, or single action completed earlier in the past.

When I met her, I had never been in a serious relationship.

We use the past perfect simple to see how much or how many we had done of something earlier in the past.

We had driven 500 miles and we needed some rest.

We use the past perfect simple with stative verbs to talk about state situation that had started earlier in the past. We often use how long, for or since, always, etc.

The day I left, I had been in England for exactly 4 years.