Appunti Grammatica inglese

Periodo ipotetico

Tipo 0: Verità universali

Simple present + simple present
If it rains, I get wet.

Tipo 1: Condizione possibile

Simple present + future
If you don’t study, you will get bad grades.

Tipo 2: Condizione ipotetica

Simple past + present continuous
If I studied physics, I would be a physicist now.

Tipo 3: Condizione passata improbabile

Past perfect + perfect conditional
If you had studied, you would have gotten better grades.

Misto: Risultato di un'azione passata con un'azione presente

Past perfect/simple past + present conditional/past conditional
If I had moved to London when I was 18, I would speak perfect English now.

Email: Formale

Introduzione

To whom it may concern, Dear/Hello, Sir/Madam/Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms,

Corpo

I am writing in response to enquire about/complain about/to thank you for/to invite/to inform you.

Conclusione

I look forward to hearing from you. For further information, please don’t hesitate to contact me.

Saluti

Yours sincerely, Respectfully, Best regards, Kind regards.

Email: Informale

Introduzione

Hello/Hi/Hey, thanks for your letter. It was wonderful to hear from you again. I’m sorry I haven't written you before, but I’ve been very busy.

Corpo

I’m just writing to thank you for/I’m sure you’ll be pleased to hear...

Conclusione

Thanks again/I’m really looking forward to seeing you at...

Saluti

Take care/Love

Per e since

For = quantità di tempo (es. for two hours)
Since = l'inizio del periodo (es. Sally has been working here since 2008)
How long = si usa con present perfect (es. How long has it been raining?)

Have vs have got

Hanno lo stesso significato, ma "have got" non può essere usato con azioni o esperienze (es. "Have got a swim" NO).

Used to

Usato per il passato (es. She used to travel a lot). Per fare domande usiamo "did".

Errore da non fare

Scrivere "when I will arrive" o "not will happen" MA scrivere: "when I arrive" - "when something happens".

Uso di "can"

Non ci va dopo il "to"; si usa senza (es. "I can come").

Verbi modali

• Could have (done): Si usa per il passato (es. I was so tired, I could have slept for a week).
• May & might: Per parlare di una possibilità in futuro (es. I might buy a car).
• Must: Qualcosa che devi fare.
• Mustn’t: Qualcosa che non devi fare.
• Needn’t: Qualcosa che non è necessario fare, ma lo puoi fare quando vuoi.
• Should: Si usa tanto con think e per cose in generale.
• Had better (I’d better): Devi farlo se no ci sono delle conseguenze; usato senza il to e per situazioni specifiche. Solo con presente e futuro (es. It might rain. We’d better take an umbrella).

Passivo

Infinito

Attivo: to (do-clean-see etc)
Passivo: to be (done-cleaned-seen)
Esempio: Somebody will clean this room. The room will be cleaned later.

Infinito perfetto

Attivo: to have + done-cleaned-seen
Passivo: to have been + done-cleaned-seen
Esempio: Somebody should have cleaned the room. The room should have been cleaned.

Present perfect

Attivo: have/has + done etc
Passivo: have/has been + done etc
Esempio: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it. The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.

Past perfect

Attivo: had + done etc
Passivo: had been + done etc
Esempio: The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it. The room looked nice. It had been cleaned.

Present continuous

Attivo: am/is/are + (do) ing
Passivo: am/is/are + being (done)
Esempio: Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment. The room is being cleaned at the moment.

Past continuous

Attivo: was/were + (do) ing
Passivo: was/were + being (done)
Esempio: Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived. The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

Have (something) done

Fai fare agli altri qualcosa per te. Esempio: Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday.

Verbi che richiedono -ing

• Stop
• Recommend
• Admit
• Avoid
• Imagine
• Finish
• Consider
• Deny
• Risk
• Fancy
• Enjoy
• Suggest (es. I don't fancy going etc.)

Preferenze

Prefer to / prefer -ing (es. Prefer to live - prefer living)
I’d prefer (I would prefer) per dire cosa qualcuno vuole in una situazione specifica.

Be / get used to

Sottolineare una questione di abitudine. Esempio: She wasn't used to driving on the left.

Altri concetti

• There is no point in -ing: Non ha senso (es. There is no point in having a car if you never use it).
• It is worth -ing: È uno spreco (es. It’s a nice town. It’s worth spending a few days there).
• So that: Così che, spesso usato con can/could e will/would (es. She is learning English so that she can study in Canada).
• Ing clauses: Quando due cose stanno succedendo nello stesso momento (es. He hurt his knee playing football).

Quantità

• Some: Countable frasi positive - per offrire qualcosa.
• Any: Countable frasi negative.
• Many: Countable.
• Few: Countable.
• Much: Uncountable.
• Little: Uncountable.

Costruzioni con "both...and", "neither...nor", "either...or"

• Both...and... (es. Both Cris and Paul were late).
• Neither...nor... (es. Neither Cris nor Paul came to the party).
• Either...or... (es. Either you apologize, or I will never speak to you again).

Aggettivi e avverbi con -ing e -ed

Boring = per le cose, Bored = per le persone (es. Jane is bored because her job is boring).

Aggettivi e avverbi

Quick = per descrivere qualcuno o qualcosa, Quickly = come qualcuno fa qualcosa (es. Sam is a careful driver; Sam drove carefully along the narrow road).

Usiamo well con past participles

Es. Well-educated, well-paid.

So & such

• So + adjectives/adverbs = so stupid, so quickly, so nice
• Such + noun = such a story, such people

Enough

Va dopo aggettivi e avverbi (es. I can't run very far. I’m not fit enough).
Va prima di un noun (es. We have enough money. There weren't enough chairs).

Altre costruzioni

• Any more & any longer: vanno alla fine di una frase e lo usi con le negative (es. Lucy doesn't work here any more).
• Yet: si usa nelle negative ed con il present perfect (es. Have you decided what to do yet?).
• Even: "anche", si usa con il verbo in mezzo alla frase (es. Laura has travelled all over the world. She’s even been to the Antarctic).
• Even if - even though: Es. Even though Tina can't drive, she has a car.
• Although: si usa con soggetto + verbo (es. Although it rained a lot, they had a good time).
• Despite: senza "of" dopo (es. Despite the rain, they had a good time).
• Unless: "except if" (es. I will see you tomorrow unless I have to work late).
• So long as: "if", on condition that (es. You can borrow my car so long as you promise not to drive too fast).
• As: "at the same time" o "because" (es. As I walked along the street, I looked in the shop windows; As I was hungry, I decided to find somewhere to eat).
• During: + noun (es. During the movie).
• While: + soggetto + verbo (es. I fell asleep while I was watching TV).
• On time: puntuale.
• In time: in anticipo.
• At the end: quando qualcosa finisce.
• In the end: risultato finale di una situazione (es. We had a lot of problems with our car. We sold it in the end).

Preposizioni con luoghi

• In & at per gli edifici (es. You can eat in a restaurant or at a restaurant).
• In = città, paesi e villaggi (es. The Louvre is a famous art museum in Paris).
• At = quando un evento prende posto (es. We went to a concert at the National Concert Hall).
• On = con bus, train, plane, ship.
• In = car, taxi.

Get & arrive

• Get to = per andare in un posto (es. They got to the hotel at midnight).
• Arrive at or in (not arrive to): Arrive in a town or country (es. They arrived in Madrid/in Spain a week ago). Per altri posti o eventi, arrive at (es. What time did you arrive at the hotel/at the airport/at the party).
• Per dire "vado a casa" usiamo: What time did you get home (no get to home).

By

Per dire come una persona viaggia: By car, by train, by plane. NON si usa con i possessivi, articoli e determinativi (es. In my car, on the train). By si usa anche con il passivo.

Noun + preposition

• Need for
• Reason for
• Cause of
• Advantage of
• Damage to
• Solution to
• Invitation to
• Reaction to

Adjective + preposition

• Sorry about
• Bored/fed up with
• Astonished by
• Upset by
• Tired of
• Happy with
• Satisfied with
• Excited/nervous/happy about
• Dependent on
• Responsible for
• Interested in
• Similar to
• Good/bad/brilliant/better at
• Married/engaged to
• Different from/to
• Tolerant of
• Aware of
• Typical of
• Sure about
• Jealous/proud of
• Afraid/scared/frightened/terrified of

Verb + preposition

To / at

• Talk/speak/listen/explain/apologize/describe (con "to")
• Senza il "to": Phone/call/email/text/answer/thank/ask
• Verb + at: Look/stare/glance/laugh/aim/point (es. Looking at...)

Others

• Consist of
• Suffer from
• Depend on
• Live on
• Congratulate on
• Protect from
• Pay for
• Thank for
• Blame on
• Prefer to
• Spend on
• Believe in
• Succeed in
• Invite to

Phrasal verbs

• Break up: lasciarsi
• Call off: annullare/cancellare
• Find out: scoprire
• Get in: salire su qualcosa/procedere/andare d’accordo
• Get off: scendere da qualcosa
• Get to: arrivare
• Give up: smettere di fare qualcosa/arrendersi
• Go on: continuare
• Keep away: rimanere a distanza
• Hold on: attendere
• Look for: cercare
• Look after: prendersi cura di