Appunti Grammatica inglese

PERIODO IPOTETICO

tipo 0 verità universali simple present + simple

present

it rains / i get wet

tipo 1 Condizione possibile simple present+ simple

conseguenza probabile future

if you don’t study / you will

get bad grades

tipo 2 condizione ipotetica e simple past+ present

conseguenza probabile continuous

if i studied physics /i would

be a physiciannaw

tipo 3 condizione passata past perfect+perfect cond.

improbabile e conseguenza if you had studied you would

probabile al passato have gotten

misto con risultato di un'azione past perfect/simple past

passata / con risultato +

passato di un’azione present cond./ past cond.

presente if i had moved to London

when i was 18/ i would

speak english perfect now

EMAIL:

formale

intro: to whom it may concern dear/hello/ sir/ madam /mr/mrs /miss/ms

ap: i am writing in response to enquire about/ complain about to thank you for / to invite /to

form you

fin: i look forward to hearing from you/ for further information, pls don’t hesitate to contact me

saluti: your sincerely respectfully, best regards , kind regards.

informale

hello/ hi/hey thanks for your letter it was wonderful to hear from you again i’m sorry i haven't

written you before , but i ‘ ve been very busy.

i’m just writing to thank you for / i’m sure you’ll be please to hear …

thanks again / i’m really looking forward to seeing you at

take care / love

For = quantità di tempo es for two hours

Since = l'inizio del periodo es sally has been working here since 2008

How long = si usa con present perfect= da quanto es how long has it been

raining?

Have vs have got

Hanno lo stesso significato ma have got non puoi usarlo con cose che fai o

esperienze es. Have got a swim NO .

Used to

Usato per il passato es. She used to travel a lot .

Per fare ,le domande usiamo “did”

errore da non fare : scrivere “when I will arrive “ “not will happen “

MA scrivere : when I arrive - when something happens

Quando uso “can “ non ci va dopo il “to” ma si usa senza quindi “i can come”

Usiamo poi il passato, “could” con : see, hear, smell, taste, fell, remember,

understand.

Could si usa per situazioni in generale, e con parole come see, taste etc

Was able to /were able to si usa in situazioni specifiche

Could si può usare per il futuro o anche per il presente per azioni che non

sono reali es. I'm so tired I could sleep for a week .

Could have (done)= “potevo farlo”

Si usa per il passato es. I was so tired , I could have slept for a week.

May & might si usano per parlare di una possibilità in futuro .

Non si usa il “to” dopo es i might buy a car .

Must = qualcosa che devi fare

Mustn’t= qualcosa che non devi fare

Needn’t = qualcosa che non é necessario fare , ma lo puoi fare quando vuoi

Anche qui non troviamo queste parole seguite dal “to”

Should - do , be si usa tanto con think

Should have (done) - non devi farlo , ma se lo fai è ottimo.

Should = per cose in generale

Had better ( I ‘d better) devi farlo se no ci sono delle conseguenze , viene

usato senza il to e viene utilizzato per situazioni specifiche.

Solo con presente e futuro.

Es. It might rain . We’d better take an umbrella.

PASSIVO

infinito

Attivo : to (do-clean-see etc)

Passivo : to be (done- cleaned -seen)

Es. Somebody will clean this room

This room will be cleaned later

Infinito perfetto

Attivo : to have + done - cleaned -seen

Passivo: to have been + done- cleaned -seen

Es. Somebody should have cleaned the room

The room should have been cleaned

Present perfect

Attivo: have /has +done etc

Passivo: have /has been +done etc

Es. The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it.

The room looks nice . It has been cleaned

Past perfect:

Attivo: had +done etc

Passivo: had been +done etc

Es. The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it

The room looked nice. It had been cleaned

Present continuous:

Attivo: am /is /are +( do ) ing

Passivo : am /is /are +being (done)

Es. Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

The room is being cleaned at the moment

Past continuous:

Attivo: was/were +(do ) ing

Passivo : was/were + being (done)

Es. Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived

The room was being cleaned when I arrive

Have (something )done

Fai fare agli altri qualcosa per te

Es. Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday

Alcuni verbi seguono ing

Stop - recommend - admit- avoid -imagine- finish- consider -deny- risk - fancy

- enjoy- suggest es. I don't fancy going etc

Prefer to / prefer - ing es. Prefer to live - prefer living

Per uso in generale

I ‘d prefer ( I would prefer )

Per dire cosa qualcuno vuole in una situazione specifica.

Be / get used to

Sottolineare una questione di abitudine.

Es. She wasn't used to driving on the left

There is no point in - ing = non ha senso

Es. There is no point in having a car if you never use it.

It is worth - ing = è uno spreco

Es. It’s a nice town . It’s worth spending a few days there.

So that = così che

Spesso usato con can /could e will / would

Es. She is learning English so that she can study in Canada

Ing clauses - es . He hurt his knee playing football

Si può usare quando due cose stanno succedendo nello stesso momento

Es. A man fan out of the house shouting

Some = countable frasi positive - per offrire qualcosa

Any = countable frasi negative

Many = countable

Few = countable

Much = uncountable

Little= uncountable

Both … and … es. Both Cris and Paul were late

Neither… nor … es. Neither Cris nor Paul come to the party

Either… or… es. Either you apologize, or I will never speak to you again

Whole = intero si usa con i singular nouns

All = tutto , si usa in generale

Aggettivi che finiscono con ing & ed boring = per le cose - bored = per le

persone

Es. Jane Is bored because her job is boring

Adjectives and adverbs ( quick = x descrivere qualcuno o qualcosa) mentre

quickly = come qualcuno fa qualcosa o come sta capitando , ci dice qualcosa

sul verbo

Es. Sam Is a careful driver

Sam drove carefully along the narrow road

Usiamo well con pasta participles

Es. Well- educated, well- paid

So & such

So + adjectives/ adverbs= so stupid , so quickly, so nice

Such + noun = such a story , such people

Enough = VA dopo aggettivi e avverbi es. I can't run very far . I ‘m not fit

enough

Enough = VA prima di un noun es. We have enough money

There weren't enough chairs.

Cap 109-110

Any more & any longer = vanno alla fine di una frase e lo usi con le negative

es. Lucy doesn't work here any more .

Yet = si usa nelle negative ed con il present perfect es. Have you decided

what to do yet ?

Even = “anche”

Si usa con il verbo in mezzo alla frase .

Es. Laura has travelled all over the world. She ‘ s even been to the antarctic.

Soggetto + even + verbo

Stessa cosa con even if - even though

Es. Even though Tina can't drive , she has a car .

S. V

Although= si usa con soggetto+ verbo

Es. Although it rained a lot , they had a good time .

O despite senza of dopo

Es. Despite the rain , they had a good time .

Unless= except if

Es. I will see you tomorrow unless I have to work late

So long as = if, on condition that

You can borrow my car so Long as you promise not to drive too fast

As = at the same time o anche come “because”

Es. as I walked along the street, I looked in the shop windows

Es. As I was hungry,I decided to find somewhere to eat .

During = + noun es. During the movie

While = + soggetto + verbo es. I feel asleep while I was watching tv.

On time = puntuale

In time = in anticipo

At the end = quando qualcosa finisce

In the end = risultato finale di una situazione es. We had a lot of problems with

our car . We sold it in the end .

In at & on

In e at per gli edifici es you can eat in a restaurant or at a restaurant .

You can buy food in a supermarket or at a supermarket.

At = quando un evento prende posto es . We went to a concert at the national

concert hall

In = quando pensiamo a un edificio stesso es . We had dinner at the hotel

All Rooms in the hotel have air conditioning

Usiamo in con città , paesi e villaggi

Es. The Louvre is a famous art museum in paris

Sam’s parents live in a village in the south of France.

Usiamo at quando pensiamo come punto principale etc

Es. Does this train stop at Oxford .

On = con bus , train , plane , ship

In = car , taxi

Get & arrive

Get to = per andare in un posto

Es . They got to the hotel at midnight

Arrive at or in (not arrive to)

We say arrive in a town or country :

Es. They arrived in Madrid / in Spain a week ago

Per gli altri posti o eventi usiamo arrive at

Es. What time did you arrive at the hotel / at the airport/ at the party .

Per dire “vado a casa” es what time did you get home ( no get to home)

By = per dire come una persona viaggia

By car , by train , by plane

NON SI USA con i possessivi, articoli e determinativi : es . In my car , on the

train

By si usa anche con il passivo

Noun + preposition =

Need for , reason for , cause of , advantage of , damage to , solution to ,

invitation to , reaction to .

Adjective + preposition =

Sorry about

Bored / fed up with

Astonished by

Upset by

Tired of

Happy with

Satisfied with

Excited / nervous / happy about

Dependent on

Responsible for

Interested in

Similar to

Good / bad/ brillant/ better at

Married / engaged to

Different from / to

Tolerant of

Aware of

Typical of

Sure about

Jealous / proud of

Afraid / scared / frightened/ terrified of

Verb + preposition to / at

Verb to

Talk / speak / listen / explain / apologize / describe

Senza il to :

Phone / call/ email / text / answer / thank / ask

Verb + at

Look / stare/ glance / laugh / aim / point

Looking at ad es.

Consist of

Suffer from

Depend on

Live on

Congratulate on

Protect from

Consist of

Pay for

Thank for

Blame on

Prefer to

Spend on

Believe in

Succeed in

Invite to

PHRASAL VERBS

break up lasciarsi

Call off annullare / cancellare

Find out scoprire

Get in salire su qualcosa /procedere /andare d’accordo

Get off scendere da qualcosa

Get to arrivare

Give up smettere di fare qualcosa /arrendersi

Go on continuare

Keep away rimanere a distanza

Hold on attendere

Look for cercare

Look After