Concetti Chiave
- The infiltration and movement of groundwater depend on the permeability of the subsurface rocks, which can be either permeable or impermeable.
- Aquifers are formed by the combination of permeable and impermeable rocks, allowing water to accumulate and sometimes form artesian wells.
- Water emerging on the surface from sources can be classified as drinking, mineral, thermal, or thermo-mineral, based on their salinity and temperature.
- Different types of springs, such as runoff, barrier, overflow, and karst springs, result from the interaction of water with various geological formations.
- Rivers play a crucial role in returning precipitation water to the sea, with their characteristics defined by parameters like length, slope, speed, range, and energy.
The existence of water resources depends on many factors such as:
• The penetration and movement of underground waters
• The return of water to the surface
• Surface water flow
The infiltration of water depends on the characteristics of the rocks in the subsurface. They may be permeable or raincoat confection:
• Permeable Rocks are porous and generally igneous or sedimentary origin and mainly of limestone with numerous fractures.
• Waterproof: Rocks are usually clay or marl. A rocky body calls acquicludo if it can hinder or prevent afflux and groundwater flow.
The joint intervention and presence of permeable and impermeable rocks gives rise to aquifers: structures where water accumulates. The strata are defined tables when the upper limit of the water is free to fluctuate depending on the amount of water it receives. If surface water penetrate deep and gather in an aquifer between two acquicludo, it forms a flap imprisoned. In this particular type of ground water is subjected to a pressure that depends on their height difference compared to the surface of the water. You can get artesian wells.
The waters that have infiltrated emerge on the surface with the sources. The waters that may arise, depending on the rocks crossed, can be:
• Drinking water: having a salinity of between 10 and 50 centigrams per litre
• Mineral Waters: essentially with salt content increased
• Thermal waters: with temperatures of between 20 and 100 degrees Celsius
• Thermo-mineral Waters: hot and considerably rich in salts.
The sources can be of various types:
• Sources of runoff: when one waterproof layer tilted surfaces along one side of a Valley and it does drain the water
• Barrier Sources: when a side obstacle or a fault do accumulate, along an inclined plane, a quantity of water that would tap on the surface
• Overflow Sources: when water gushes from a concave bed that
collects more water than they can hold
• Karst Springs: when leaving overflowing waters that have penetrated into a relief through the innumerable cavities present in a limestone rock.
A considerable part of precipitation water returns to the sea through rivers. The portion of land that contributes its water to feed a watercourse is the river basin or catchment. The characteristics of these river systems are described using some geometrical parameters as:
• Length
• Slope
• Speed
• Range
• Energy
Domande da interrogazione
- Quali sono i fattori che influenzano l'esistenza delle risorse idriche?
- Qual è la differenza tra rocce permeabili e impermeabili?
- Come si formano le sorgenti e quali tipi esistono?
- Cosa definisce un bacino idrografico e quali parametri ne descrivono le caratteristiche?
L'esistenza delle risorse idriche dipende dalla penetrazione e dal movimento delle acque sotterranee, dal ritorno dell'acqua in superficie e dal flusso delle acque superficiali.
Le rocce permeabili sono porose e generalmente di origine ignea o sedimentaria, mentre le rocce impermeabili, come argilla o marna, ostacolano o impediscono il flusso delle acque sotterranee.
Le sorgenti si formano quando le acque infiltrate emergono in superficie. Esistono vari tipi di sorgenti, tra cui sorgenti di deflusso, sorgenti di barriera, sorgenti di trabocco e sorgenti carsiche.
Un bacino idrografico è la porzione di terra che contribuisce a nutrire un corso d'acqua. Le caratteristiche di questi sistemi fluviali sono descritte da parametri geometrici come lunghezza, pendenza, velocità, portata ed energia.
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