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Metabolic Pathway and Diet Influence on Enzyme Presence

The metabolic pathway starting from complex carbohydrates (e.g. levans made by fructose) leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). One key enzyme involved in the depolymerization of carbohydrates is levansucrase. The presence of this enzyme differs between the three different types of diets.

In the V and VG diets, the presence of levansucrase is higher, while in the O diet it is lower. This enzyme, which is crucial for the synthesis of SCFA, is mostly present in the VG and V diets.

Similarly, the diet also affects the nitrogen metabolism, specifically the metabolism of free amino acids such as asparagine and threonine. The enzymes associated with the synthesis of free amino acids are mostly present in the VG and V diets.

Overall, the diet influences the metagenome and the metaproteome. To observe the effects of proteins on humans, there are different levels of possibilities:

  • In vitro analysis: using human cell lines or animal cell lines in a lab.
  • Ex...

vivo condition: using pieces of humans organs (e.g. biopsies).- Using animals.- In vivo: using humans.

MFC microbial fecal cells; microbial cells coming from humans feces.

MPCE microbial proteins from cytoplasmic extract, microbes after extracting proteins from the cytoplasm.

FIC flagellins, proteins from flagella.

Anti-proliferative effects of the intestinal microbiome in O, Vg and V on the colon carcinoma cells.

Higher is the column and higher is the effect, higher is the anti-proliferative effect so the positive activity.

VG and show higher levels of microbial cells, proteins and flagellins.

Flagellins have a higher expression in V and VG, microbes synthesising this enzyme have anti-proliferative effects on colon carcinoma cell lines.

Microbes coming from the intestine of V and VG have a higher anti-proliferative effects with respect to those coming from O.

Some compounds are related to the immune system such as interleukins. They wanted to show that from the same

intake of different foods. The results showed that the consumption of vegetables was higher in V and VG. Furthermore they calculated the environmental food prints in terms of CO2, H2O and ecological impact. The impact of CO2, H2O and ecological impact is higher for O with resects to VG and V. The omnivorous choice generated worse carbon, water and ecological footprints than other diets. No differences were found for the environmental impacts of ovo-lacto-vegetarians and vegans, which also had diets more adherent to the Mediterranean pattern. A high inter-individual variability was observed through principal component analysis, showing vegetarians and vegans have higher environmental impacts than those of some omnivores. Depending on the individuals, some VG and V may have a higher environmental impact than some O. Summary of the dietary habits vs. gut microbiota/microbiome The phylogenetic/taxonomical approach did not reveal any influence on the microbiota composition (who is present).except for specific foods. That's because the most effective cause for which we have a resistant microbiome is the birth, we inherit the microbiome from the mother or the environment and that is like a fingerprint. The microbiome can vary because of a number of factors but the diet is not that strong, it cannot change the composition. This fingerprint established from the first day of life is a personal thing that should be resistant to perturbation. A possibility to change it is to drastically change the diet and start a diet very rich in fibers. But if we speak about a normal diet and the trend is almost the same, if you switch from O to VG, probably after time you may have a change in the composition. The main conclusion is that because the diet is just one of the factors that may influence the microbiota, we have a fingerprint since the first day of our life which is unique and in general under normal condition our microbiota is resistant and resilient, the diet does not have any.influence or slightly on the composition of the microbiota.The synthesis of SCFA depended on the adherence to MD as well as the presence of CVD• markers (e.g., urinary trimethylamine oxide).The type of diet may have a positive effect on the functionality (what the microbes are doing,gene expression, proteins synthesis and metabolites) of the microbiota.The subgenus differentiation revealed oligotypes of Prevotella and Bacteroides, which related to• the dietary habits.The analysis of the Prevotella copri pangenome revealed strain association to dietary habits.• The pangenome analysis of Prevotella copri revealed the association of expressed genes to• dietary habits (e.g., branched chain amino acids and metabolism of carbohydrates).The meta-genomics analysis clustered a relevant number of microbial genes depending on the• dietary habits (in particular those genes involved in the flagella synthesis and chemotaxis wereover-expressed in vegetarians andvegans). The meta-proteomics analysis clustered a relevant number of microbial proteins depending on the dietary habits. The combination of the meta-genomics and meta-proteomics analyses confirmed how the diet modulated the biosynthesis of SCFA and amino acids. Microbial fecal cells differently modulated the anti-proliferative activity depending on the dietary habits. The omnivorous choice generated worse carbon, water and ecological footprints than other diets, even though a high inter-individual variability was observed. Main conclusion: adhering to the MD is beneficial for everyone, including the environment. The MD is rich in specific nutrients such as: fibres, phenols, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins. Microbiome-tailored food product New project: based on typical MD components The main goal is the production of a superfood containing the amount of fibres, polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acids that may compensate the lacking in people whodon't adhere to the MD. The consumption of this food would be like a yoghurt per day (150g) but the intake will correspond to all the nutrients of which most of the people show a deficiency. It's an intervention study: people are fed with this food. Two-arm since they recruited a number of people based on numbers and the exclusion criteria. They recruited 200 people divided into 2 arms (groups) randomly divided into: - Low adherence MD placebo group; - High adherence MD group; They were randomly distributed among the two groups. The first group received a placebo (food similar to the superfood). Double blind: both groups didn't know what they're eating: if the real or the fake superfood. They ran in, at time 0 they started the sub-ministration of the foods for 8 weeks. People received, in addition to their normal diet, the placebo food or the superfood for 8 weeks. Biological samples (blood, urine, and feces) were collected. In this case, they analyzed also blood. Theycollected every few weeks: - Urine for the metabolome. - Blood for anti-inflammatory markers, oxidative stress and metabolomics. - Fecal as a model system of the gut microbiome. They also monitored the state of the heart at the beginning and every week. The composition of the superfood: - Pomegranates are rich in polyphenols and have antioxidant activities. - Walnuts are dried fruit containing the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids. - Avocado is rich in good fat. - Red apples are rich in fibers (pectin) and polyphenols. - Dates are rich in polyphenols and fibers. More ingredients: red radish, broccoli, red and green cabbage contain a lot of chemical compounds very useful for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities (polyphenols, fibers). They also added Moringa, originally from India and considered as "The Miracle tree", each part of the plant is consumed for the high nutritional compounds. It's a valuable source of essential amino acids, proteins, vitamins A, B, C, minerals, and all.
Dettagli
Publisher
Emns
A.A. 2020-2021
52 pagine
SSD Scienze agrarie e veterinarie AGR/16 Microbiologia agraria
I contenuti di questa pagina costituiscono rielaborazioni personali del Publisher Emns di informazioni apprese con la frequenza delle lezioni di The food human axis for driving the gut microbiome e studio autonomo di eventuali libri di riferimento in preparazione dell'esame finale o della tesi. Non devono intendersi come materiale ufficiale dell'università Libera Università di Bolzano o del prof Gobbetti Marco.