Storia evoluzione lingua inglese

Dall'Old English al Late Modern English

OLD ENGLISH (450-1100): i primi parlanti erano Angli, Celti e Juti. Invasione degli Anglosassoni nel 499 d.C., quando i Romani se ne vanno. Un altro nome per l'Old English è Anglo-Sassone. L'Old English deriva dal Latino. Il Beowulf è stato composto durante questo periodo e mostra molte parole antiche di quel tempo. Invece, il testo che documenta la storia dell'Inghilterra sono le Cronache Anglo-Sassoni. Questo periodo è chiamato PERIODO DELLE PIENE FLESSIONI. L'Old English è una LINGUA SINTETICA perché le relazioni grammaticali delle parole in una frase sono date grazie alle flessioni grammaticali alla fine delle parole, specialmente nei nomi e nei verbi. Età Medievale.

MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100-1500): 1066: Invasione Normanna. L'Hiberno-English è la varietà più antica dell'inglese. È stata importata in Irlanda grazie alla Conquista Normanna. Il Francese e il Latino diventano lingue ufficiali. Ci sono molti prestiti dal Francese e dal Latino. Il testo più famoso del periodo è "I Racconti di Canterbury" di Chaucer.

PERIOD OF LEVELED INFLECTIONS. GREAT VOWEL SHIFT: it was a changement in pronunciation that started about 1400 and it separates the Middle English from Modern English. Vowel sounds from long to short. The start of Renaissance. Chaucer. Epic poem.

EARLY MODERN ENGLISH: (1450-1750): Renaissance. Elizabethan Age (Golden Age). Shakespeare. Theatre. The STANDARD ENGLISH emerges during the XV century thanks to the press invention and the preference of English books instead Latin books. There is the loss of Latin and French languages and English becomes the national and the scientific language. UK becomes a power of economy and it starts the colonial expansion. At the end of 16 century, with the beginning of COLONIZATION of the colonies of North America and the Indian West. English becomes a GLOBAL LANGUAGE.

DECOLONIZATION: the necessity of emancipation of the colonized countries like India. GLOBAL ENGLISH: English becomes a LINGUA FRANCA (a language that is used as a mean of communication between)

English is a widely spoken language, used as a means of communication between people from different countries and cultures. It is also the language of informatics and international diplomacy. Nowadays, over a billion people are learning English.

In 1543, during the Renaissance, the term "inkhorn term" was introduced. This period saw the revival of classic literature and the invention of many words with Greek and Latin influences.

Modern English, from 1750 to 1950, was shaped by the industrial revolution and the consolidation of imperial power. English became a language of education worldwide and the international language of advertising and consumption.

The differences between Old English and Modern English lie in spelling, pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Long vowels have undergone many changes, for example, "stan" became "stone". Modern English is an analytic language, meaning that grammatical relationships are expressed through word order and prepositions.

PERIOD OF LOST INFLECTIONS. The “rise” of the Novel. Victorian Age. Science and technology spread.

LATE MODERN ENGLISH: (1950- ) the collapse of British Empire. New varieties of standardized English emerge indifferent countries. English becomes an international language in technological communication. The American English becomes the dominant variety in the world.¹

There were used declinations with 4 causes (nominative, genitive, accusative and dative). The alphabet was not the latin alphabet, but runic alphabet (symbols with a divine characteristic). The Old English had got 4 dialects: Mercian (central), Northumbrian (North), Kentish, Wessex. From the Wessex dialect will born the Middle English.