Risposte esame Languages of the media + approfondimenti

Metaphors affect how we think and act

Frames: Because language activate frames, new language is required for new frames.55 According to Aristotle there are three ways that an audience can be persuaded. They are:

1. Ethos, pathos, repetition
2. Pathos, Logos, Metaphor
3. Ethos, pathos, emotion
4. None of the above (right one: ethos, pathos, logos)

In the article "Greeenwashing: Disinformation through Green Advertising" Segeve and colleagues content analysis has shown that advertisements presenting environmental facts are less disposesd to deceive consumers—> Why deceive? What does it mean? Fooling someone into doing/ thinking something—> In questo caso parliamo di ingannare I consumatori = Misleading consumer—> Link Greenwashing/Greenmarketing

57 Beard presents a list of well-known strategies employed in political discourse that fall within the conventional category of verbal patterning. They are:

1. Connotation and denotation
2. Field, mode, tenor
3. Pathos

Logos, Metaphord. None of the above (right one: anthesis, repetition, the list of three) naming three element reinforcing one another—> Beard presents a list of well-known strategies:

1. Anthesis, or contrastive pairs: two parts to a clause are in opposition to each other.
2. Repetition: as a means of creating emphasis.
3. The list of three: the three elements complement or reinforce one another, creating a sense of unity for the phrase as a whole.

58 The article “The spread of true and false news” says that misinformation containment policies should also emphasize

1. Political interventions
2. Digital interventions
3. Legal interventions
4. Behavioral interventions—> why? human behavior contributes more to the differential spread of falsity and truth than automated robots do.

This implies that misinformation-containment policies should also emphasize behavioral interventions, like labeling and incentives to dissuade the spread of misinformation, rather than

focusing exclusively on curtailing bots. Understanding how false news spreads is the first step toward containing it.

Parellelism is the use of identical or equivalent syntactic constructions in corresponding clauses or phrases.

"Collateral damage" to denote innocent civilians murdered in times of war is an example of: D: Euphemism.

Denis Mc Quail (1969) has distilled the characteristics of mass communication into seven major features. One of them says that: They normally require complex formal organisations—> the others are: they are public // so they are directed to large audience // that contain many different kinds of people // with the same interests // that could be at a distance from the source. // Relationships between communicator and audience are managed by people who are known only in their public role, as communicators.

The rapid rise and influence of the internet appears, however, to have shifted the balance away from speech technologies back to the

1. directions of
   1. Journalism
   2. Media discourse
   3. Written stories
   4. Written discourse
2. According to the article "the spread of true and false news" says that false rumors have affected also
   1. Newspaper prices
   2. Stock prices
   3. Number of stockholders
   4. None of the above
3. According to the article "the increasing overlap of journalism and public relations threats and opportunities" many top journalists are bloggers as well—> Brand journalism
4. According to the article "the increasing overlap of journalism and public relations threats and opportunities" online newspapers usually host a blog
5. Who said "style is less predictable and more dependet on personal preferences than register"—> Kortmann—> Difference between style and register
6. On the basis of formal arrangement: structure is the main property that distinguishes one genre from another—> McQuail: vd 62.
7. Denis Mcquail (1969) has distilled the characteristics

1. One of them say that: they are directed towards large audiences
2. With media, the relationship between participants is:
1. Mediated by public opinion
2. Mediated by social media
3. Mediated by media technology
4. Mediated by journalist
3. According to Aristotle, Ethos is about:
1. Feeling
2. Thinking
3. Acting
4. None of the above (right answer: believing)
4. A communication audit is:
1. An analysis of how a media can reach its audience
2. The analysis of how many ads are shown every day
3. An analysis of how much and what kind of communication takes place
4. An analysis of how a journalist can involve his/her audience
5. Differences between communication audit and multimodal analysis
6. National knowledge is knowledge shared by the citizens of a country
7. In which author rhetoric is viewed as manipulative language, wherever it occurs? In Plato
8. In the press releases issued by BP during the oil spill, incidents is an example of:
1. Alliteration

A military metaphor: Euphemism: "a mild or pleasant word or phrase that is used instead of one that may be considered unpleasant or offensive / a mild, indirect or vague term for one that is considered harsh, blunt or offensive." None of the above (right answer: ) 76. Is the Voltaire/Rousseau diatribe still informing the contemporary discourse? a. Yes -> why? Voltaire said that cataclysm takes place for inexplicable reasons that are independent of men (FATALISM), while Rousseau says that any catastrophe is ascribable to man's fall from a mythical state of nature (RESPONSIBILITY). These two poles are still held to inform the contemporary discourse of catastrophe that finds its resonance box in the media. b. No 77. Frames are a. Mental structures that shape our media discourse b. Mental structures that shape the way we see the world c. Mental structures that shape the way we talk about the world d. An analysis of how much and what kindof communication takes placeAs a result, they shape the goals we seek, the plans we make, the way we act, and what counts as a good or badoutcome for our actionsLakoff (2004): “Because language activate frames, new language is required for new frames. Thinking differentlyrequires speaking differently”Link78. Many advertisemets and a lot of packaging material, are designed to elicit consumer inferences—-> Consumer inferences is the conclusion that a person do (i.e in advertisements) even if the message it’s notreally explicitLetting people make their own conclusions79. Talking about what constitutes news, press releases are an example ofa. Newsworthinessb. Advertisingc. Articled. None of the above (right one: sources)—-> such as: Interviews, Public addresses, Written text, News agency copy …Each of these sources has its own style of language. It also has its own, distinctive storytelling structure—-> What constitutes news?80. Who said

“The news media do not passively describe or record news events in the world” Van Dijk

As individuals we are all influenced, our opinions shaped, reinforced and altered by our exposure to the media

Exposure to the media determines what we know, what we assume and what we believe in⁸¹.

The palm oil dispute revolves around few pro arguments and contra arguments that are: Health, Environment, Humanrights, Economic (only pro argument)⁸².

Morphology of the Folktale book provides a model of storytelling based on seven roles. They are: TUTTIa. Villainb. Donor/providerc. Hero (seeker or victim)d. Dispatchere. Helperf. Princess (+ father)g. False hero⁸³.

Investigating media language also makes us more aware of possible media manipulation⁸⁴.

In oral societies, communication took the form of D none of the above (right one: speech)⁸⁵.

Mediated communication involves specialized adaptation of the resources of face to face and verbal interaction⁸⁶.

In Aristotle

rhetoric is viewed as an important and necessary aspect of all human communication—> in Plato, by contrast rhetoric is viewed as manipulative language, wherever it occurs.⁸⁷ According to Amossy enthymemes in advertising "a la fois de d'efficacité de la parole et de l'innocence du silence"—> Say something without actually saying it, benefiting from the effectiveness of words and the innocence of silence. Represents the power of implicit.⁸⁸ The 7 Sins of Greenwashing are: TUTTIa. The sin of the Hidden Trade-offb. The sin of no proofc. the sin of vaguenessd. The sin of worshiping false labelse. The Sin of irrilevancef. The sin of lesser of two devilsg. The sin of Fibbering—-> domanda aperta⁸⁹ About stories, who said that there is an "innate" human propensity to organize events into memorable stories? Bruner⁹⁰ The author of the article "Greenwashing: Disinformation through Green Advertising, suggest that it is of

Key importance to increase consumers’ awareness for misleading advertising practices such as greenwashing, hence developing consumer literacy programs that are part of school education —> Link Greenwashing/Greenmarketing91

About genres. Choose the right answer.

On the basis of formal arrangement:

A- an example cited by Montgomery et al is that of war poetry, which can be either jingoistic or anti-war in its exploration of patriotism, moral values loyalty, heroism wasted life and political cynicism.

Theme or topic:

C - a biography (film or book) is about a person’s life whereas a drama involves a plot that develops and is (usually) resolved. (Think about how many books are arranged by theme or subject matter in a bookshop)

Mode of address:

D - genre is identified by how the text addresses its audience (e.g. directly talking to the audience, in news reporting and sport commentary) or how it is presented as though the audience is overhearing named participants (e.g. chat shows, a

lot of drama, phone-ins, and celebrity interview)To be even more precise we could tell that the point A is the example used to explain the classification on the basis ofattitude or anticipated response, while the classification on the basis of formal arrangement has as example sonnets that arecomposed of fourteen lines because Montgomery et al thought that structure is the main property that distinguish one genrefrom another.-> What are arrangement, topic, address, anticipated response?92 The language genre can be considered in basic form as follows. Choose the right answer.

Aesthetic -> The description of feeling and happenings -> is used to create images of beauty through carefully chosen words. It's a common feature of poetry

Narrative -> Telling