Phonology, Appunti

ELISION. The process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation of a word in isolation.

EX. You and me

we don't pron. the d because it's more efficient not to.

[juɛnmi]

friendship - no "stop" [frɛnʃɪp]

every - no mid vowel [ɛvri]

SUPRASEGMENTALS: additional features in a sound, like stress, breaks, etc.

SYLLABIC CONSONANT: a consonant that forms a syllable on its own

↳ [n_̩]

ELISION. The process of not pronouncing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation of a word in isolation.

EX: you and me

we don't pron. the d because it's more efficient not to.

• friendship -> no "stop" [frenʃip]
• every -> no mid vowel [evri]

SUPERSEGMENTALS: additional features in a sound, like stress, breaks, etc.

SYLLABIC CONSONANT: a consonant that forms a syllable on its own[n̩]

SYLLABLE: Syllables are parts of the word, they are formed of consonants (CC) and vowels (V). The one or more consonants are called an “onset”. Another basic element of the syllable is the “rhyme”, aka vowel (nucleus) + consonant(s) (coda).

SYLLABLE

ONSET (consonant(s))

Syllables like "me", "no" or "to" have an onset, a nucleus, but no coda.

OPEN SYLLABLES

When the coda is present → CLOSED SYLLABLES

Both the onset and the coda can have more than one consonant.

RH(Y)ME

nucleus (vowel)

coda (consonant(s))

• EXAMPLE
• eggs (CVC)
• green (CCVC)
• ham (CVC)
• do (CV)
• I ( )

“stop” (CCVC)

/s/ + 2 CONS. CLUSTER.

They can be even larger (CCC) → splat, strong

In this case, they always need to start with an /s/, followed by 1 of the V stops (p/t/k) & an approximant (l/j/r/w).

When we talk, it's usually fast and spontaneous. The process of making 1 sound almost at the same time as the next one is called "COARTICULATION".

ASSIMILATION

/ɑr/ /hæv/ /tʊ/ /gəʊ/ → [ɑ h&] [tə gəʊ]

Also, the nasalization of vowels is considered assimilation.

/pæn/→ [p&]

"can" → [k&] individually / “I can go” → [aɪk & gəʊ] in a phrase.

LABIAL

CORONAL

DORSAL

RADICAL

GLOTTAL

Position of Articulation

PL BILB

LAB DENT

DENT

ALVEOL

POST ALVEOL

RETRO FLEX

PALATAL

VELAR

UVULAR

EPIGLOTTAL

GLOTTAL

Plosive

p t d c ɟ k g q G ƛ ʡ ʔ

Nasal

m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ

Trill

ʙ r ʀ ʜ

Tap or Flap

ⱱ ɾ

Fricative

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ

ϗ h ɦ

Lateral Fricative

ɬ ɭ

Approximant

ʋ ɹ ɻ j w

Lateral Approximant

l ɭ ʎ

Manner of Articulation

Voiceless

Voiced

PHONOLOGY: STUDY OF LANGUAGE SOUNDS

MORPHOLOGY: STUDY OF FORMATION OF WORDS

SYNTAX: STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES

PHONOLOGY: it focuses on how phonemes function in language

PHONETICS: it focuses on speech sounds.

PHONEME: a unit within a set of units on the basis of our speech. → a distinctive sound capable of creating a distinction in meaning.

GRAPHENE: a letter of the alphabet.

INclosed w/in SLASH BR./.../ WHILE THEPHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OFWORDS → [...] (fon.)

• [p] [b] [m] [w] BILABIALS

• [f] [v] LABIODENTALS

• [θ] [ð] DENTALS (the sound, the 1st is voiceless "three" the 2nd is used "there")

• [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r] ALVEOLARS

• [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [j] PALATALS

• [k] [g] [ŋ] VELARS

• [h] GLOTALS

VOWELS

• FRONTALS

• [i] key, me

• [I] myth, women

• [e] dead, bed

• [æ] laugh, bad

• CENTRALS

• [ʌ] oven, support

• [a] blood, dove

• BACK

• [u] you, too

• [ʊ] book, put

• [ɔ] fall, raw

• [ɑ] Bob, swan

DIPHTHONGS

• [aɪ] buy, eye, my, I

• [aʊ] cow

• [eɪ] bait, late

• [oʊ] home, toe

• [ɔɪ] boy, noise.

Manner of Articulation

So far we've only talked about how where the sounds are articulated, but we can also describe how.

For ex. we can say that [s] & [t] are both voiceless alveolar sounds, but they do differ in their manner of articulation (the way they are pronounced).

The [t] is part of a set of sounds called STOPS while the [s] is one of a set called FRICATIVES

Stops:

A set of sounds created by stopping the air flow, somewhere in the oral/nasal cavities. ([p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]).

Fricatives:

Almost stopping/blocking the air flow, and having it push against the very narrow opening created. A type of friction is created, therefore we call them fricatives, ([f], [v], [θ], [δ], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ]).

Affricates:

A combination of stops and fricatives all in individual sounds: a brief blocking of the air stream + obstructed release = affricate sound. [ʧ] & [ʤ] (cheap, jeep).

Liquids:

Letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue, as the tip makes contact with the mid. of the alveolar ridge. (or closed to it).

Nasals:

Lowering the velum, the air stream is allowed to flow out through the nose, ([m], [n], [ŋ]).

Glides:

Produced w/ the tongue in motion (or "gliding").

Glottal Flaps:

Butter (in the American way, like "budder")

Stops:

Butter (in the English, London way, like "bu'er, uh")