Lezioni, Organizational Behavior

PASSIVE(

Individual! avoid! expressing! their! opinions! or! feelings,! protecting! their! rights.! Usually! born! of! low! self!

esteem.!Passive!communicators!often!:!

O fail!to!assert!for!themselves!

O allow!others!to!deliberately!or!inadvertently!infringe!on!their!rights!

O fail!to!express!their!feelings,!needs,!or!opinions!

O tend!to!speak!softly!or!apologetically!

O exhibit!poor!eye!contact!!

!

AGGRESSIVE(

Individuals!express!their!feelings!and!opinions!and!advocate!for!their!needs!in!a!way!that!violates!the!rights!

of!others.!Thus,!aggressive!communicators!are!verbally!and/or!physically!abusive.!

Aggressive!communicators!will!often:!

O try!to!dominate!others!

O criticize,!blame,!or!attack!others!

O be!very!impulsive!

O speak!in!a!loud,!demanding,!and!overbearing!voice!

O act!threateningly!and!rudely!

O not!listen!well!

O interrupt!frequently!

O use!“you”!statements(

(

ASSERTIVE(

Individuals!clearly!state!their!opinions!and!feelings,!and!firmly!advocate!for!their!rights!and!needs!

without!violating!the!rights!of!others.!Assertive!communication!is!born!of!high!selfOesteem.!

Assertive!communicators!will:!

O state!needs!and!wants!clearly,!appropriately,!and!respectfully!

O express!feelings!clearly,!appropriately,!and!respectfully!

O use!“I”!statements!

O communicate!respect!for!others!

O listen!well!without!interrupting!

O feel!in!control!of!self!

O have!good!eye!contact!

O speak!in!a!calm!and!clear!tone!of!voice!

O have!a!relaxed!body!posture(

ORGANIZATIONAL&CULTURE&

!

What&is&the&organizational&culture?&

!

Organizational!culture!is!a!set!of!shared!values,!beliefs,!and!norms!that!influence!the!way!employees!think,!

feel,!and!behave!toward!one!another!and!toward!people!outside!the!organization.!

It!can!promote!work!attitudes!and!behaviors!that!increase!organizational!effectiveness.!It!controls!the!way!

employees!perceive!and!respond!their!environment.!!

Organizational!culture!concerns!the!inside!of!the!organization!and!the!outside.!!

Beliefs!and!values!are!taught!to!new!recruits!who!become!members!of!an!organization.!

!

Belief!=!credenza,!it’s!not!the!true!but!it’s!related!with!attitudes,!to!what!you!believe.!It’s!the!cognitive!part!

of!attitude.!!

!

Values! are! general! criteria,! standards,! or! guiding! principles! people! use! to! determine! which! types! of!

behaviors,!events,!situations!and!outcomes!are!desirable!or!undesirable.!!

There!are!two!kind!of!values:!

O Terminal( value:! it! is! a! desired! end! state! or! outcome! that! people! seek! to! achieve.! For! example!

terminal! values! can! be! quality,! responsibility,! innovativeness,! excellence,! economy,! morality,!

profitability;!

O Instrumental(values:(it!is!a!desired!mode!or!type!of!behavior.!Modes!of!behavior!include!working!

hard,! respecting! traditions! and! authority,! being! conservative! and! cautions,! being! frugal,! creative,!

courageous,!honest,!taking!risks.!!

An! organization’s! culture! consists! of! the! end! states! that! the! orga! seeks! to! achieve! (terminal! v)! and! the!

modes!of!behavior!the!orga!encourages!(instrumental!v).!!

Ideally,!instrumental!values!help!the!orga!achieve!its!terminal!values.!!

!

These! two! types! are! at! the! same! level! and! they! are! enforced! by! norms,! rules! and! standard! operative!

procedures.!These!are!the!tangible!part!of!values!which!are!intangible.!!

WHY?! To! encourage! members! to! adopt! specific! terminal! and! instrumental! values! and! so! behave! in! the!

ways!necessary!to!achieve!their!goals,!the!organization!develops!specific!norms.!In!fact,!norms!are!informal!

rules! of! conduct! which! encourage! employees! to! cultivate! attitudes! and! behaviors! important! for! the!

organization.!!

Norms! are! largely! informal,! so! many! values! are! not! written! down:! they! are! shared! norms,! beliefs,!

assumptions!and!manner!of!thinking!and!behavior!developed!between!people!of!the!same!organization.!!

Norms!in!here,!something!is!not!written!but!it’s!related!to!the!socialization.!!

Eventually!employees!respond!in!a!certain!manner!to!a!specific!situation,!without!even!realizing!that!he!is!

doing!so!according!to!orga’s!values.!This!is!called!internalization.''

!

[McKinsey(&(Company]!We!believe!we!will!be! !

successful!if!our!clients!are!successful.! One!of!L’Oréal’s!daily!commitments!is!to!make!

We!believe!that!solving!the!hardest!problems! the!company!an!example!of!personal!

requires!the!best!people.!We!believe!that!the! development,!to!promote!diversity,!and!to!

best!people!will!be!drawn!to!the!opportunity!to! assemble!a!community!of!talents!to!which!all!

work!on!the!hardest!problems.!We!build!our!firm! individuals!contribute!their!creativity!and!

around!that!belief.!We!believe!you!can’t!do!one! enthusiasm.!The!Group!aims!to!ensure!

without!the!other.!We!believe!these!two!parts!of! sustainable'and'responsible'growth.!We!are!

our!mission!reinforce!each!other!and!make!our! convinced!that!long;term!success!is!based!on!

firm'strong'and'enduring.! strong!ethics.!

!

terminal'value'

instrumental!value!

!

!

Transmission&of&the&culture&&

!

1.(Socialization(and(socialization(tactics(

To! learn! the! culture! newcomers! do! so!

formally! by! participating! to! a! socialization!

program! and! informally! by! observing! the!

other!people.!!

!

Tactics! leading! to! an! institutionalized!

orientation! are:! collective! tactics,! formal!

tactics! (newcomer! segregated),! sequential!

and! fixed! tactics! (follow! a! program),! serial!

tactics!(mentor)!and!divestiture!tactics.!

!

Tactics! leading! to! an! individualized! orientation:! individual! tactics,! informal! tactics! (learning! on! the! job),!

random! and! variable! tactics! (no! end! defined),! disjunctive! tactics! (no! guidance! by! group! members),!

investiture!tactics.!!

!

2.(Rites(and(ceremonies!!

Organizations! use! several! types! of! ceremonial! rites! to! communicate! cultural! norms! and! values.! They! are!

regular!events!that!teach!people!about!the!culture!and!maintain!a!sense!of!seasonal!order.!!

!

Rites'of'passage!mark!an!individual’s!entry!to!promotion!in!and!departure!from!the!organization.!!

Promotion!for!example!is!a!celebration!of!something!that!is!right;!but!it!concerns!also!a!hire!or!a!pension.!

When!you!hire!a!person,!the!way!you!present!the!orga!and!the!other!employees,!make!me!know!how!it’s!

the!organization:!competitive,!friendly!and!so!on.!!

!

Rites' of' integration,! such! as! shared! announcements! of! organizational! success,! office! parties! and! so! on,!

build!and!reinforce!common!bonds!between!members.!!

It’s!relevant!above!all!when!the!organization!is!big.!

!

Rites' of' enhancement,' like! dinners,! promotions,! give! an! organization! the! opportunity! to! publicly!

acknowledge!and!reward!employee’s!contributions!and!thereby!enhance!their!commitment!to!its!values.!!

!

3.(The(organizational(language(

Because!language!is!the!principle!way!of!communication,!the!characteristic!names!or!phrases!of!a!company!

provide! important! consequences! about! norms! and! values.! Language! concerns! acronyms,! metaphors,!

proverbs,!technical!language!and!jargon!that!have!specific!meaning!inside.!

Many!organization!uses!technical!languages!to!facilitate!cooperation!between!employees.!!

The! concept! of! language! encompasses! not! only! spoken! language! but! also! how! people! dress,! the! offices!

they!occupy,!the!company!cars!they!drive,!and!how!they!formally!address!one!another.!!

!

4.(Stories,(signs,(symbols!

The' stories! about! organizational! heroes! provide! important! clues! about! cultural! values! and! norms.! Such!

stories!can!reveal!behaviors!and!values.!!

Stories! are! like! a! mythologies! were! there! are! heroes,! super! powers! and! we! don’t! question! if! the! story! is!

true!or!not.!Telling!story!is!important!in!order!to!show!the!values.!

Stories!can!reveal!the!kinds!of!behaviors!that!the!organization!value:!what!the!employee!is!supposed!to!do!

when! in! doubt,! what! to! do! when! a! high! status! person! breaks! the! rules,! how! people! advance! within! the!

organization.!!

!

Symbols'are!often!used!to!communicate!an!organization’s!cultural!values!and!norms!to!its!members!and!to!

others!outside!the!orga.!They!are!signs,!logos,!pictures!on!brochures,!colors,!disposition!of!the!furniture.!

Sometimes!the!design!or!architecture!of!a!company’s!building!is!a!symbol!of!an!organization’s!values.!

The!asset!of!the!organization!gives!ideas!about!how!the!organization!is.!For!example!he!faculty:!very!new,!

minimal!(=!efficient),!no!tag!in!the!bathroom!(!=!civil!virtue).!

!

Esthetics!is!particularly!important.!!

Fabriano:! use! a! lot! of! lights,! central! square! with! trees,! relaxing!

space,! for! living! the! company.! The! value! behind! is! creativity,! in!

sintony!with!the!value!around!the!employee.!Through!the!esthetic!

you!can!understand!what!the!boss!wants!from!the!company.!!

!

&

Factors&shaping&organizational&culture&

!

Where( does( the( culture( come( from?! It! is! shaped! by! the! interaction! of! 4! main! factors,! which! are! the!

personal!and!professional!characteristics!of!people,!ethics,!nature!of!the!employment!relationship,!design!

of!its!organizational!structure.!!

!

Characteristics(of(people((people(who(make(up(the(organization)(

If! you! want! to! know! why! cultures! differ,! look! at! their! members.! Different! organization! develop! different!

cultures!because!they!attract,!select!and!retain!people!who!have!different!values,!personalities!and!ethics.!

Recalling! the' attraction;selection;attrition' model,! people! are! attracted! by! an! organization! whose! values!

match!theirs;!similarly!an!orga!selects!people!who!share!its!values.!!

The! result! is! that! people! in! the! orga! become! more! and! more! similar,! values! increases! and! the! orga!

distinguishes!more!and!more!from!others.!!

The!founder!of!an!organization!has!an!important!influence!on!the!orga’s!initial!culture!bc!of!his!personal!

values!and!beliefs.!Presumably,!people!selected!by!the!founder!have!similar!values.!!

When!people!share!values!in!this!manner,!cohesiveness!appears.!Also!groupthink!can!arrive.!!

!

Organizational(ethics((

Ethics!is!moral!values,!beliefs,!rules!that!establish!the!appropriate!way!for!an!organization!and!its!members!

to!deal!with!each!other!and!people!and!groups!outside!the!organization.!It!concerns!in!treating!everyone!

fairly!and!equally.!!

Ethical! values,! rules! and! norms! are! an! integral! part! of! an! orga! ‘s! culture! bc! they! help! to! determine! how!

members!will!manage!situations!and!make!decisions.!!

Ethics!is!relevant!in!particular!when!you!discuss!at!an!international