Inglese - inglese medico

Vocabulary (1 anno)

Words and sounds

Vowel sounds

• i: sleep, mei, happy, recipe
• I pin, dinner
• u foot, could, pull
• u: do, shoe, through
• e red, head, said
• ə arrive, father, colour
• 3: turn, bird, work
• ɔ: sort, thought, walk
• æ cat, black
• ʌ sun, enough, wonder
• ɒ got, watch, sock
• ɑ: part, heart, laugh
• eɪ name, late, aim
• aɪ my, idea, time
• ɔɪ boy, noise
• eə pair, where, bear
• ɪə hear, beer
• əʊ go, home, show
• aʊ out, cow
• jʊə pure, fewer

A walk to work where I heard with my head
These are my hands and this is the end of the film
I hear a pair of bears drink beer
The sun makes good to our sons
She puts her hands through her red hair

COLOURLESS GREEN IDEAS SLEEP FURIOUSLY

Consonant sounds

• p put
• b book
• t take
• d dog
• k car, kick
• g go, guarantee
• tʃ catch, church
• dʒ age, lounge
• f for, cough
• v love, vehicle
• θ thick, path
• ð this, mother
• s rice, zoo
• z house
• ʃ shop, sugar, machine
• ʒ pleasure, usual, vision
• h hear, hotel
• m make, name, now
• n bring
• l look, while
• r road
• j young
• w wear

Kick your black cat out of the church
Young men wear white while shops sell rice
This thick path makes me cough

Words

Air, hair, hare, eire, heir

Nouns

• Countable
• Uncountable
• Abstract
• Geographical
• Proper
• Collective
• Compound
• Homonyms
• Onomatopoetic

Homonyms: homographs and homophones

• Air/ heir
• Faze/ phase (faze= perturb)
• Groan/ grown
• Might/ mite (small insect parasite or a little coin)
• Pane/ pain (pane = vetro, lastra, faccia/ superfice)
• Pray/ prey
• Right/ rite/ write
• Sent/ scent
• Steak/ stake (stake= scommessa, puntata)
• Tire/ tyre
• Weather/ whether
• Aloud/ allowed
• Floe/ flow (floe= banco di ghiaccio)
• Hoarse/ horse
• Mown/moan (mow = falciare, mietere)
• Peal/ peel (peal= scampanìo, suono, scoppio, salva)
• Raise/ rays
• Rough/ ruff (ruff= collare decorativo)
• Sight/ site
• Tea/ tee (tee= T or object)
• Toe/ tow (tow= traino, rimorchio)
• Whine/wine (whine= gemito)
• Dough/doe (dough= impasto) (doe= cervo femmina)
• Flu/flew
• Its/ it's
• Our/ hour
• Place/ plaice (plaice= platessa)
• Read/ reed (reed= giunco)
• Sale/ sail
• Sole/ soul (sole = suola, pianta del piede)
• There/ their/ they're
• Waist/ waste (waist= cintola, vita)
• Fare/ fair
• Grate/ great (grate= griglia)
• Lays/ laze (lay= disposizione) (laze= ozio)
• Pale/ pail (pail= secchio)
• Practise/ practice
• Rein/ rain (rein= redine)
• Scene/ seen
• Sought/ sort
• Through/ threw
• Wait/ weight

Word-classes

Suffixes

• -ment (nouns): excitement, enjoyment
• -ity (nouns): flexibility, productivity
• -hood (abstract nouns): childhood, motherhood
• -ship (abstract nouns): friendship, partnership
• -ive (adjectives): passive, productive, active
• -al (adjectives): brutal, legal (noun: arrival)
• -ous (adjectives): delicious, outrageous, furious
• -ful (adjectives): forgetful, hopeful, useful
• -less (adjectives): useless, harmless, cloudless
• -ify (verbs): beautify, purify, terrify

Prefixes

• anti (against): anti-war, antisocial, antibiotic
• auto (self or by oneself): autograph, auto-pilot, autobiography
• bi (two, twice): bicycle, bi-monthly, biennial, bilingual
• ex (former): ex-wife, ex-student
• ex (out of): extract, exhale, excommunicate
• micro (small): micro-computer, microwave
• mis (badly/wrongly): misunderstand, mistranslate
• mono (one/single): monotonous, monologue
• multi (many): multi-national, multi-purpose
• over (too much): overdo, overtired, oversleep, overeat
• post (after): postwar, postgraduate
• pro (in favour of): pro-government, pro-revolutionary
• pseudo (false): pseudo-scientific, pseudo-intellectual
• re (again): retype, reread, replace
• semi (half): semicircular, semi-final, semi-detached
• sub (under): subway, submarine, subdivision
• under (not enough): underworked, underused, undercooked

Expressions connected with work

• To work shift-work (nights one week, days next)
• To be on flexi-time (flexible working hours)
• To work nine-to-five (regular day work)
• To go/be on strike (industrial dispute)
• To get the sack (thrown out of your job)
• To be fired (more formal than to get the sack)
• To be dismissed
• To be made redundant (no longer needed)
• To be laid off (more informal than to be made redundant)
• To give up work (e.g., in order to study)
• To be on maternity leave (expecting a baby)
• To be on/take sick leave (illness)
• To take early retirement (retire at 55)
• To be a workaholic (love work too much)
• To be promoted (get a higher position)
• To apply for a job (fill a form)

1-LO ODIO DA QUANDO MI HA INSULTATO ED E^ ACCADUTO MENTREGIOCAVAMO A RUGBY
I'VE HATED HIM SINCE HE INSULTED ME AND IT HAPPENED WHILE WE WERE PLAYING RUGBY
NON LO LICENZIERç PERCHé E? UN BRAVO LAVORATORE E LAVORA IN QSTO H DA MOLTO TEMPO
I'M NOT GOING TO DISMISS HIM AS HE'S A GOOD WORKER AND HE HAS BEEN WORKING IN THIS H FOR A LONG TIME
QUANDO GIOCHI A TENNIS? IL LUN o IL SABATO
WHEN DO YOU PLAY T? ON
UNA VOLTA I FIGLI AMAVANO DI PI§ I LORO GENITORI MA OGGI PREFERISCONO PERDERE I VALORI PI§ IMPORTANTI
ONCE CHILDREN USED TO LOVE THEIR PARENTS MORE. BUT NOWADAYS THEY PREFER LOSING THE MOST IMPORTANT VALUES
i used to love
I am used to loving

The Medical Alphabet

• A Anatomy - Acronyms - Abbreviations
• B Blood, Biology
• C Cardio-Vascular System
• D Diseases, Drugs, Dermatology
• E Epidemiology, Ethics, Endocrinology, Emergency Medicine
• F Functions (Medical), Forensic Medicine
• G Gastro-Intestinal System, Genito-Urinary System, Gynaecology
• H Hospitals, Wards, Hygiene, Health
• I Infections, Infectious Diseases, Immunology
• K Key Words in Medicine
• L Lab Analyses, Lab Results, Lab Tests
• M Medicine and Surgery; Medical Research, Military Medicine
• N Neurology, Neuroses and Mental Illness, Nephrology
• O Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Obstetrics, Oncology, Otorhinolaryngology
• P Physics, Paediatrics, Pneumology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Physiatry
• Q Qualification and Specialization, Training Internship
• R Radiology, Recovery, Rheumatology
• S Safety, Screening, Specialties, Symptoms and Signs
• T Terminology, Trials (Clinical)
• U Urology
• V Vaccines, Viruses
• Z Zoom on... Heart, Cancer, Childhood Diseases, Genetics

Text 1: Human Anatomy

Human Anatomy can be defined as the study of structures of organisms, while Pathology is the study of the nature and cause of disease which involves changes in structure and function. The study of different organs and tissues necessitates a number of separate branches of investigation. The study of separate systems without limitation to one region of the body is called systematic anatomy. Anatomy is the study of the sizes, forms, positions and relationship of the various parts of the human body. The study of how disease affects these parts of the body constitutes pathology.

Parts of the body

Words: forms/ content
Outer/ inner
Upper part / lower part
Right side/ left side
Sound /sick
Strong/ weak
Strength/ weakness
To define / to describe / to identify
To compare /to contrast / to draw a parallel between

A standard approach is that of systematic anatomy, through which the various structures are grouped and treated according to the natural system into which they fall. Thus the account deals with:

• Osteology (bones)
• Arthrology (joints)
• Myology (muscles)
• Angiology (heart and vessels)
• Splanchnology (visceral organs)
• Neurology (nervous system and sense organs)

Similarly, under microscopic anatomy, several subgroups are recognized:

• Organology: deals with the architectural plan and arrangements with the various organs of the body
• Histology: describes the building materials that enter into the composition of these organs; such aggregations of specialized cells are tissues, of which epithelium, connective tissue, muscle are examples
• Cytology: the study of the structure of the actual cells which are the ultimate building units of all tissues

The Skeleton

The skeleton has three main functions:

• To bear the weight of the body and keep it from falling
• To keep the body safe and help protect it from injury
• To provide the framework on which muscles can act to initiate movement

a. Skeletal tissues are hard substances formed by living cells. Frequently they contain non-living mineral matters such as calcium salts. The structures made of such non-living material can nevertheless grow and change as a result of the activities of living cells which dissolve away and replace the hard material.

b. The function of the skeleton can be grouped conveniently under the headings: support, protection, locomotion, and muscle attachment.