Grammatica spagnola

*UDPiWLFDHVSDxROD

/D JUDPPDWLFD VSDJQROD LQ PLQXWL

/D SURQXQFLD GHOOR VSDJQROR

q FRPH OD WK LQJOHVH GL

%DVWD GLUH W FRQ OD

FL FH ] OLQJXD IUD L GHQWL FLHOR

DFHUR

VLPLOH DOOD F WRVFDQD GL

J M FDVD JHQWH MR\D

FRPH LQ LWDOLDQR QRQ VL

K SURQXQFLD

TX N TXLWDUTXHULGR

V VV FDVDEHVR

Y E YDVRPyYLO

VLPLOH DOOD LM QDSROHWDQD

\ OO GL \RD\HU

OOXYLDKDOODU

F GL FLOLHJLD PD

SURQXQFLDWD FRQ OD

FK OLQJXD FKH WRFFD L GHQWL

VXSHULRUL QRFKHKHFKR

J GL JDOOR D PHQR FKH

VLD VFULWWR QHO TXDO

FDVR VL OHJJH JX

JXH JXL 'DYDQWL DG R VL

OHJJH FRPH LQ LWDOLDQR

JXDSR JXHUUD

JQ GL UDJQR

x PDxDQDGDxR

U UU UDGLRUXELR 1/59

*OL DUWLFROL

*OL DUWLFROL GHWHUPLQDWLYL VRQR SHU LQGLFDUH ULVSHWWLYDPHQWH

PHQWUH TXHOOL LQGHWHUPLQDWLYL VRQR

,QIDWWL LQ VSDJQROR HVLVWH DQFKH OD IRUPD SOXUDOH FKH VLJQLILFD

8QRV PHVHV TXDOFKH PHVH 'DYDQWL D SDUROH GL JHQHUH IHPPLQLOH FKH

LQL]LDQR SHU WRQLFD HV R O DUWLFROR OD GLYHQWD

*OL DUWLFROL FRPSRVWL VRQR VROR GXH H FRQ O RYYLR VLJQLILFDWR 3HU WXWWL JOL

DOWUL VL VFULYH VHPSOLFHPHQWH SULPD OD SUHSRVL]LRQH H SRL O DUWLFROR

GLYLHQH FRVu /D VHJXHQWH WDEHOOD PHJOLR LOOXVWUD TXHVWR FRQFHWWR

GHOGHOODGHJOLGHOOH GH ODGH ORVGH ODV

DODOODDJOLDOOH D ODD ORVD ODV

GDOGDOODGDJOLGDOOH GH ODGH ORVGH ODV

QHOQHOODQHJOLQHOOH HQ HOHQ ODHQ ORVHQ ODV

FRQ LOFRQ ODFRQ LFRQ OH FRQ HOFRQ ODFRQ ORVFRQ ODV

VXOVXOODVXJOLVXOOH HQ HOHQ ODHQ ORVHQ ODV

/ DUWLFROR QHXWUR HVLVWH VL VFULYH HG LQGLFD SHU HVHPSLR

SHU GLUH

2/59

/H FRQJLXQ]LRQL

\

/D FRQJLXQ]LRQH VL GLFH FKH GLYLHQH GDYDQWL D SDUROH FKH LQL]DQR

H \

SHU L 2 qR DQFKH LQ VSDJQROR PD VL

X

WUDVIRUPD LQ X GDYDQWL D SDUROH FKH LQL]DQR SHU R VL GLFH

8QD FRQJLXQ]LRQH FKH PHULWD DWWHQ]LRQH q LO ,Q VSDJQROR VL SXz WUDGXUUH

FRQ H FRQ H TXHVWR SRUWD D PROWL HUURUL FRPXQL

3HU HVHPSLR VL GLFH 3LHQVR YD D OORYHU 3HQVR FKH SLRYHUj PD 7H

DGYLHUWR OORYHUi 7L DYYHUWR FKH SLRYHUj

&RPH IDUH D GLVWLQJXHUH WUD L GXH FDVL" %DVWD YHGHUH VH

'XQTXH OH IUDVL SUHFHGHQWL VXRQDQR

3HQVR GHO IDWWR FKH SLRYHUj SULYD GL VHQVR GXQTXH XVR TXH 7L DYYHUWR GHO

IDWWR FKH SLRYHUj KD VHQVR GXQTXH XVR GH TXH 3/59

*OL DJJHWWLYL

$JJHWWLYL GLPRVWUDWLYL

P VLQJ HVWH HVH DTXHO

I VLQJ HVWD HVD DTXHOOD

P SO HVWRV HVRV DTXHOORV

I SO HVWDV HVDV DTXHOODV

SRVVHVVLYL DQWHSRVWL

PL PLD PLV LO PLR OD PLD L PLHL OH PLH

WX WX\D WXV LO WXR OD WXD L WXRL OH WXH

VX VX\D VXV LO VXR OD VXD L VXRL OH VXH

QXHVWUR QXHVWUD QXHVWURV QXHVWUDV LO QRVWUR OD QRVWUD L QRVWUL OH QRVWUH

YXHVWUR YXHVWUD YXHVWURV YXHVWUDV LO YRVWUR OD YRVWUD L YRVWUL OH YRVWUH

VX VXV LO 6XR OD 6XD L 6XRL OH 6XH

H SRVSRVWL

PtR PtD PtRV PtDV PLR PLD PLHL PLH

WX\R WX\D WX\RV WX\DV WXR WXD WXRL WXH

VX\R VX\D VX\RV VX\DV VXR VXD VXRL VXH

QXHVWUR QXHVWUD QXHVWURV QXHVWUDV QRVWUR QRVWUD QRVWUL QRVWUH

VX\R VX\D VX\RV VX\DV 6XR 6XD 6XRL 6XH

*OL DJJHWWLYL SRVSRVWL VL XVDQR LQ XQR GHL FDVL VHJXHQWL 4/59

& q XQ (VWH DPLJR

1LQJ~Q DPLJR PD

& q XQ WUDQQH

7RGRV DPLJRV

& q XQ DUWLFROR R 8Q DPLJR (O DPLJR

LQ TXHVW XOWLPR FDVR DVVXPH 3URSULR O DPLFR PLR H QRQ

YDORUH UDIIRU]DWLYR TXHOOR GL XQ DOWUR 5/59

, SOXUDOL GHL QRPL

,O SOXUDOH VL IRUPD DJJLXQJHQGR VHPSUH OD VH L QRPL WHUPLQDQR SHU YRFDOH HG

VH WHUPLQDQR SHU FRQVRQDQWH ! !

, SURQRPL

, SURQRPL VL GLYLGRQR LQ GXH FDWHJRULH TXHOOH FKH LQWURGXFRQR LO

H TXHOOR GL H TXHOOH SUHFHGXWH GD

DOWUH SUHSRVL]LRQL

)RUPH DWRQH

•

PH PH PL

WH WH WL

OR OH OR JOL

OD OH OD OH

QRV QRV FL

RV RV YL

ORV OHV OL ORUR

ODV OHV OH ORUR

1RWD VL GLFRQR

1RQRVWDQWH OD JUDPPDWLFD GLIIHUHQ]L FRQ DWWHQ]LRQH OH GD OR

"#$

OHV GD ORV RYYHUR LO FRPSOHPHQWR RJJHWWR GD TXHOOR GL WHUPLQH LQ

6SDJQD HVLVWH XQD IRUPD GHQRPLQDWD OHLVPR FKH VFDUGLQD TXHVWH

UHJROH ,Q SUDWLFD FKL VHJXH LO OHLVPR WHQGHUj DG XVDUH OH SHU

HQWUDPEH OH IRUPH DQ]LFKp OR KH YLVWR OH KH KDEODGR /R

VHJQDOR SHUFKp QHOOD OLQJXD SDUODWD DQFKH LQ WHOHYLVLRQH TXHVW XVR q

IUHTXHQWLVVLPR 6/59

)RUPH WRQLFKH

• Pt PH

WL WH

pO OXL

HOOD OHL

Vt Vp

QRVRWURV QRVRWUDV QRL

YRVRWURV YRVRWUDV YRL

HOORV HOODV ORUR

1RWD VL GLFH SHU GLUH

VL GLFH

, VHJXRQR TXHVWD WDEHOOD

3URQRPL GLPRVWUDWLYL

pVWH pVH DTXpO

pVWD pVD DTXpOOD

pVWRV pVRV DTXpOORV

pVWDV pVDV DTXpOODV

HVWR HVR DTXHOOR

&KH GLIIHUHQ]D F q WUD HG " 0HQWUH YXRO GLUH ULIHULWR D

%

SHUVRQH VLJQLILFD HG q ULIHULWR D FRVH

1RWDWH O DFFHQWR FKH GLIIHUHQ]LD L SURQRPL GLPRVWUDWLYL GDJOL DJJHWWLYL

8Q SURQRPH LQWHUHVVDQWH GD VWXGLDUH q TXDOFXQRQHVVXQR FKH LQ VSDJQROR VL

SXz WUDGXUUH LQ YDUL PRGL YHGLDPROL 7/59

4XDOFXQR

• & '

1HVVXQR

• & '

H LQ UHDOWj VRQR GHJOL DJJHWWLYL FKH YRJOLRQR

GLUH TXDOFKH QHVVXQ ¢+D\ EDQFD" 1R QR KD\ EDQFD

H YHQJRQR XVDWL QHOOR VSDJQROR IRUPDOH H GXQTXH HVXOD GDO

QRVWUR FRQWHVWR

H YLHQH XVDWR SHU LO SOXUDOH HG KDQQR IXQ]LRQH VLD GL

DJJHWWLYR FRPH QHO FDVR GL 4XDOFXQR QRQ q SRWXWR

YHQLUH

1HO FDVR YHQJDQR XVDWL FRPH SURQRPH SHUVRQDOH LQGLFDQR FRQ SUHFLVLRQH

JHQHUH H QXPHUR 1H KR YLVWD TXDOFXQD

( )

LQGLFD JHQHUDOPHQWH TXDOFRVDQLHQWH R XQD SDUWH GLQLHQWH GL

'DPPL TXDOFRVD 'DPPL TXDOFRVD GD

* *

EHUH 1RQ GDUPL QLHQWH

"

LQYHFH VLJQLILFD TXDOFXQRQHVVXQR FRPH SURQRPH HG q

JHQHULFR VLD QHO JHQHUH FKH QHO QXPHUR $O SRVWR GL VL SXz DQFKH GLUH

8/59

*OL DYYHUEL

,Q VSDJQROR FRPH LQ LWDOLDQR JHQHUDOPHQWH JOL DYYHUEL VL IRUPDQR DJJLXQJHQGR

!

LO VXIILVVR &L VRQR SRL DOWUL DYYHUEL FKH VRQR VHPSOLFHPHQWH GHOOH

"

SDUROH GD LPSDUDUVL 3HU HVHPSLR RJJL LHUL

GRPDQL

8Q FDVR LQWHUHVVDQWH q OD GLIIHUHQ]D WUD PX\ H PXFKR (QWUDPEL YRJOLRQR GLUH

PROWR PD PX\ VL XVD GDYDQWL DG XQ DJJHWWLYR PHQWUH PXFKR GDYDQWL DG XQ

QRPH R GD VROR

$G HVHPSLR 0H JXVWD >HVWH FRFKH@ 0L SLDFH PROWR >TXHVWD

PDFFKLQD@ +DFH WLHPSR TXH QR WH YHR Ê PROWR WHPSR FKH QRQ WL

YHGR PD

(V XQ FKLFR VLPSiWLFR Ê XQ UDJD]]R PROWR VLPSDWLFR +DFH IUtR

)D PROWR IUHGGR 9/59

*OL DFFHQWL

,Q VSDJQROR JOL DFFHQWL VL WURYDQR GDSSHUXWWR H VRQR PROWR LPSRUWDQWL

&L VRQR GHOOH UHJROH EHQ SUHFLVH SHU VDSHUH GRYH PHWWHUOL EDVWD FRQWDUH GDOOD

GHOOD SDUROD LO QXPHUR GHOOH VLOODEH H VHQWHQGR GRYH FDGH O DFFHQWR

VHJXLUH TXHVWR VFKHPD

# &

$ % GLFR

SLGR

'

/ DFFHQWR FL YXROH

DXWR WL

FR VL PHWWH O DFFHQWR VH OH

(

GL FLO SDUROH

YLVLW

WHUPLQDQR LQ R R LQ

FHO

') PHWWH O DFFHQWR FRQ

FRUD )

SDV SDUROH

PXM U FKH WHUPLQDQR LQ R R LQ

)

FD

1HO FDVR LQ FXL OD SDUROD VLD XQ DYYHUELR FRQ WHUPLQD]LRQH LQ

O DFFHQWR ULPDQH VXOOD SDUROD FKH RULJLQD O DYYHUELR

3HU HVHPSLR UiSLGR GLYHQWD DXWRPiWLFR q

iJLO GLYLHQH H FRVu YLD

,O SDVVDWR UHPRWR GL GDUH H DQGDUH DOOD WHU]D SHUVRQD VLQJRODUH q

( *

H VHQ]D DFFHQWL

/ DFFHQWR YLHQH DQFKH XVDWR SHU GDUH XQ VLJQLILFDWR GLYHUVR DOOD

SDUROD R SHU HYLWDUH FRQIXVLRQL SRVVLELOL QHO FRQWHVWR FRPH

SRVVLDPR YHGHUH GDOOH VHJXHQWL GXH WDEHOOH 10/59

&

(( ( 4XLHUR PiV GLQHUR YRJOLR SL

PiV 3L VROGL

7HQJR KDPEUH PDV QR WHQJR

PDV 0D VHG +R IDPH PD QRQ KR VHWH

W~ 7X VRJJHWWR 7~ HUHV 3DEOR

WX ,O WXR DJJHWWLYR 7X OLEUR

eO VH OODPD 3HGUR /XL VL FKLDPD

pO /XL VRJJHWWR 3HGUR

(O OLEUR PH JXVWD ,O OLEUR PL

HO ,O DUWLFROR SLDFH

Pt 0L SURQRPH (V SDUD Pt q SHU PH

PL PLR DJJHWWLYR 0L OLEUR LO PLR OLEUR

Vt Vu DIIHUPD]LRQH £6t

6L YLHQHV WH HVSHUR 6H YLHQL WL

VL VH GLVJLXQWLYD DVSHWWR

'pPH HVH OLEUR SRU IDYRU 0L

Gp 'LD FRQJLXQWLYR GHO YHUER GDU GLD TXHVWR OLEUR SHU IDYRUH

GH 'D 9HQJR GH %XUJRV

Vp 6R GDO YHUER VDEHU /R Vp

VH VL ULIOHVVLYR 6H YLVWH VL YHVWH

Wp 7H EHYDQGD 0H JXVWD HO Wp

WH WL SURQRPH ¢7H JXVWD" 7L SLDFH" 11/59

&

$~Q QR KD OOHJDGR QRQ q

D~Q $QFRUD WXWWRUD DQFRUD DUULYDWR

1L DXQ pO OR SXGR HYLWDU

DXQ 1HSSXUH QHSSXUH OXL q ULXVFLWR DG

HYLWDUOR

7~ VyOR SXHGHV D\XGDUPH

VyOR 6RODPHQWH PL SXRL DLXWDUH VROR WX

+R\ HVWR\ VROR RJJL VRQR

VROR GD VROR GD VROR

pVWH pVWD pVH 4XHVWR TXHVWD FRGHVWR 0H JXVWD pVWH 0L SLDFH

pVD DTXpO FRGHVWD TXHOOR TXHOOD TXHVWR

DTXpOOD SURQRPL (VWH OLEUR PH JXVWD 0L

IXQ]LRQH GL DJJHWWLYL

HVWH HVWD HVH SLDFH TXHVWR OLEUR

6H GL IURQWH DG XQD

HVD DTXHO (VWH TXH YL QR OR FRQR]FR

UHODWLYD VHQ]D YLUJROD LQ TXHVWR FKH KR YLVWR QRQ OR

DTXHOOD PH]]R FRQRVFR

FDUQH R SHVFDGR FDUQH R

R R RSSXUH SHVFH

R WUD QXPHUL SHU

y y R

GLVWLQJXHUOR GDOOR ]HUR

FRPR 0DQJLR GDO YHUER FRPHU &RPR OD SDVWD

1R Vp FyPR SXGR SDVDU

FyPR &RPH QRQ VR FRPH q SRWXWR

DFFDGHUH 12/59

&

eVWH HV OD KDELWDFLRQ HQ OD

YLYt 4XHVWD q OD VWDQ]D LQ FXL

FXiO &RPH KR YLVVXWR

¢ HV OD WX\D" 4XDOH q OD

WXD"

(O FKLFR FRQ HVWiV

KDEODQGR ,O UDJD]]R FRQ FXL

VWDL SDUODQGR

TXLpQ &KL

1R Vp FRQ HVWiV

KDEODQGR 1RQ VR FRQ FKL VWDL

SDUODQGR

(O PDQGD HV 3DEOR &KL

FRPDQGD q 3DEOR

TXp &KL&KH

1R Vp GHFLU 1RQ VR FRVD

GLUH

/D FDVD HQ YLYH HV

ERQLWD /D FDVD LQ FXL YLYH q

GyQGH 'RYH EHOOD )

¢'H YLHQHV" 'D GRYH

YLHQL"

+D]OR WHQJDV WLHPSR

)DOOR TXDQGR KDL WHPSR

FXiQGR 4XDQGR 3RU IDYRU GLPH

YHQGUiV 3HU IDYRUH GLPPL

TXDQGR YHUUDL

¢ FXHVWD" 4XDQWR

FXiQWR 4XDQWR FRVWD "

6H GHFLGLy IXHUD

$QWRQLR 6L GHFLVH FKH IRVVH

$QWRQLR LO YHUER q

SRU TXp 3HUFKp

+ QR SXHGHV" 3HUFKp

QRQ SXRL"

1R VDOJR QR WHQJR

WLHPSR 1RQ