Appunti esame migration in Europe mod.2 prof. Venturini

Main activities

- § Teaching Italian language

- § Organising meeting opportunities in order to break down mistrust

- § Lobbying local authorities to develop further solutions for asylum

seekers’ reception in the area

The most successful projects:

- §COROMORO: folk music choir

- §MOROTEAM: soccer team

- §MOROSTYLE: sewing business

New activities: 34

Migration in Europe mod.2 – A. Venturini a.a 2017/2018

- §Helping refugees who leave the reception centers to find housing

solutions and jobs.

- §Providing civic education courses for the newcomers in order to

develop better conditions for positive interactions with local residents.

Qualifying elements

- Ø Institutionalization of the local community’s mobilization

- Ø Active participation of asylum seekers and refugees in integration

initiatives

Refugee integration project in Val Pellice – Diaconia Valdese

Main activities

The guiding principle: achieving refugees’ autonomy

- § Accommodation: from the Crumiere hotel to apartments scattered

across the Val Pellice + accommodation by local families

- § Employment: 60 internships and employment grants

- § Integration services: provision of legal, medical and psychological

advice, language training, vocational training

- § Events open to the whole population to foster exchanges

Volounteers’ activities

- § Ciclofficina: a bicycle-repair shop for repairing second-hand bicycles to

be used for bike-sharing

- § Collection of second-hand cloths

- § PC workshop for repairing second-hand computers to be used by

refugees trained by volunteers

- § Music workshop to create a refugees’ orchestra

- § Fishing and traditional cuisine of zero-kilometer fish, organization of

food events (eg. Refugee kitchen”)

- § Horticulture

- § Language workshops for practicing the language in informal chats

- § Tailoring workshops

Alongside local volounteers, the project employs also young volunteers from

the National Civil Service and European Volountary Service.

Qualifying elements

- Ø Employment of external resources (private apartments, Youth

Guarantee programme, National Civil Service, etc) to support refugees’

inclusion

- Ø Reference persons able to coordinate the actions in a certain field

(employment, housing, language training, etc) across territorial areas

and projects

- Ø Activation of a local supportive network and actual opportunities for

contacts preventing social tensions

Micro Accoglienza Diffusa (MAD) Diffused Micro Accomodation in Val di Susa

Goals 35

Migration in Europe mod.2 – A. Venturini a.a 2017/2018

The project aims:

- § to overcome the duality of the current refugee reception system: the

Municipalities issue the public calls for CAS retaining the control over

the quality of services

- § to distribute refugees across the area with small numbers per

municipality (from 4 to 12, i.e. around 1 refugee per 1,000 residents).

Main activities

- § Legal counseling

- § Psychological support and health support

- § Language training

- § Support to access the labour market (tutoring, competence

assessment, visits to local companies, internships)

- § Vocational training (enrollment in regional courses)

- § Support to access the housing market

- § Sport activities within local teams

- § Cultural events, workshops

- § Refugees’ volunteering for the local community considering their

competences and aspirations

+ Communication activities & Monitoring activities

Qualifying elements

- Ø The coordination among the Municipalities of the target area and

between them and the local Prefecture

- Ø The dispersal model of refugees’ settlement

Pettinengo: a welcoming village

Main services and activities

- § legal support

- § classes of Italian language that in summer take place in the central

square of the town

- § refugees’ voluntary activities

- § professional training in textile weaving, terracotta (baked clay),

beekeeping/apiculture, horticulture, gardening: the main idea is to

transform laboratories and workshops into productive activities in order

to create jobs for both refugees and local residents.

- § cultural events such as music festivals, film festivals on migration and

music workshops

- § seminars on issues related to migration

- § field visits for university students

+ Communication activities & Monitoring activities

Positive side-effects

- § Estimated monthly economic impact on the local community (1,500

residents): 70-80 thousands euro

- § 90% of people employed in the project is from the local population

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Migration in Europe mod.2 – A. Venturini a.a 2017/2018

Qualifying elements

- ØProduction of an added value for the local population in terms of

economic resources and jobs

- ØTraining and cultural activities open to the whole population

- ØValorisation of local know-how and resources by developing training

and workshops on activities rooted in the area

- ØTransformation of training activities into productive activities

- ØActive participation of asylum seekers and refugees in the integration

initiatives

19 aprile

Assimilation of Migrants

Assimilation

Migrants receive the same remuneration and have the same probability of

finding a job than similar natives.

Assimilation in the labour market: WAGE. Methodological problems

Political issue

Economic assimilation is a prerequisite for social assimilation or integration,

and in any case for peaceful lives of foreigner in the destination country.

Policies to implement

Special integration policies, like language courses, special training policies or

selective migration policies to avoid non-assimilating workers or, as in the

case of refugees, special schemes to reduce their welfare state dependency,

which also refer to specific localizations in the country.

- reference group

- selection of the migrants (probability of remaining)

In the case of the USA, the debate mainly centres on the work of Barry

Chiswick, George Borjas, La Londe and Topel, but there are many other

relevant contributions. The estimated equation uses as explanatory variables

for the wages of workers (i): a vector of socio-economic characteristics Xi, the

worker’s age as a proxy of his experience Ai, a dummy Ii which specifies

whether the worker is an immigrant, and a variable yi which indicates the

number of years the worker has been resident in the destination country,

which is of course 0 for natives.

LogWi =a Xi + b1Ai + b2Ai² + g°Ii + g’yi + g”yi² + εi

Barry Chiswick in his pioneering work of 1978, using a cross section drawn

only from one census, identified a negative coefficient for g – which indicates

the percentage difference between immigrants and natives at the time of

arrival – and a positive coefficient for g1 – which identifies the rate at which

37

Migration in Europe mod.2 – A. Venturini a.a 2017/2018

wages grow with respect to those of the natives – while g2 increases at a

decreasing rate.

The conclusion tended to support an “over” assimilation of immigrants. In

that, in the short-term they are able to catch up with and overtake

corresponding natives. The causes of this result were not attributed to the

lack of specific human capital in the receiving country at the time of arrival

but to the fact that these people possess a greater propensity to risk and

possess more human capital, which came to the fore over time.

Census is a snapshot of society and divide people of age group. To build a

wage profile I can use wages.

Wage

Migrants start when they entered in the labour market with a lower wage.

Now they earn more than natives. This is “over assimilation”.

Cohort Effects and the Immigrant Age-Earning Profile

The typical person migrating in 1960 is skilled and has age-earnings profile

PP. the 2000 immigrant is unskilled and has age-earnings profile RR. The 1980

immigrant has the same skills as the

typical native and has age-earnings

profile QQ. Suppose all immigrants

arrive at age 20. The 2000 census

cross section reports the wages of

immigrants who have just arrived

(point R*). The wage of immigrants

who arrived in 1980 when they are 40

years old (point Q*) and the wage of

immigrants who arrived in 1960 when

they are 60 y.o (point P*). The cross-

sectional age-earnings profle erroneously

suggest that immigrant earnings grow

faster than those of natives.

Borjas in 1985 research came to a different

conclusion using 2 census he showed how



different wages structures of two cohort can

be missed in a single cross section analysis,

while a longitudinal analysis reveals a

phenomenon of “under” assimilation which

38

Migration in Europe mod.2 – A. Venturini a.a 2017/2018

can be attributed to the lower “quality” of the most recent cohorts, therefore,

a higher g° and a lower g’.

Frontier earnings functions of inhabitants and immigrants

Age-earnings profiles for the Canadian-

born (CB), british immigrants

Canadian citizens (BritIm_C) and non-

citizens of Canada (BritIm:NC),

Chinese Immigrants Canadian citizens (ChinIm_C) and non-ciizens of Canada

(ChinIm_NC)

The different quality of cohorts at the time of immigration is imputed to

different factors: 39

Migration in Europe mod.2 – A. Venturini a.a 2017/2018

- changes in the immigration policy which chooses individuals with



different characteristics

- different economic conditions in the destination country which



changes the national mix of the immigrants; thus, causing changes in

the productivity of the workers if you arrive in a period of recession



you accept any jobs.

- changes in the composition of the cohorts due to non-casual



repatriation in a case of repatriation (eg Mexico)



Finally, La Londe-Topel (1992) report similar resultrs to those of Borjas (under

assimilation of foreigners and a lower g1), but they attribute this not to the

lower quality of the cohorts but to worse economic conditions in the receiving

country at the time when the foreigner entered the labour market, offering

his/her labour at a lower entry wage (negative g°) and having few career

prospects (a lower wage pattern g’). The debate is still ongoing with new

specifications and tests being introduced.

From an analytical point of view the problem is well-known in labour

literature. Building up the pattern of wages in the life cycle using census data

poses numerous problems of specif