Appunti esame Migration in Europe mod.1 prof. Venturini

Migration in Europe – Venturini a.a 2017/2018

Migration in Europe

Venturini 01 marzo

Tre parti

• Migration choice
• Effect of migration
• Effect of migration in the origin country

Outline of the introductory lesson

• History
• Definitions
• Numbers
• Directions
• Europe
• Nationalities and types
• Non documented migration
• Determinants
• Solution

History

Migration is part of the history of all human beings. We are all descendants of a small group of humans who lived 2 million years ago. The movement was from Africa to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, etc. Le persone si spostavano perché cercavano una terra. Moving around: from an anthropological perspective, we are first nomads. 12,000 years ago people started to settle down. C'è qualcuno che ha cambiato residenza, da una residenza. Si può parlare di migrazione se permanente si è spostato.

Definition

How to define a migrant? UN definition: change of residence across borders with the intention to stay for more than 12 months, or a person who has a place of birth in another country.

• Born in another country: stock -> 5 million of migrants in Italy
• Has recently moved from one country to another: flow
• Part of a diaspora/minority: perception, labeling

Based on the main reason:

• Work/employment
• Education
• Family reunion
• Asylum/protection
• Retirement

Based on time:

• Permanent
• Temporary (<12 mesi)
• Circular
• Cross border commuting

Numbers

How many people don’t live in their country of birth (as share of world population)? This is the stock.

• International migrants: 250 million, 3% of humanity.
• Refugees and asylum seekers: 19 million, 8% of all migrants. They are a minority, not an emergency.
• In Europe: 57 million, 10% of the total population

Many more people are internationally mobile:

• Seasonal workers
• Trans-border commuters
• Crews working on ships

Direction

• South-south
• South-north

Which migration movement today is the most important one?

• North-south
• North-north

From where to where? Migrant stocks, 2015: 58 million N-N, 88 million S-N, 15 million N-S, 92 million S-S. Where do they come from? Where do they go to? International migrants by origin and destination, 1990, 2010, in mn: increase of S-S migration and S-N migration. The flows are increasing vs the North, more than vs the South. If you are poor you move not so far, you move in the near places. Gli italiani prima migrarono in Francia perché era vicina e la lingua simile, solo più tardi migrarono in Germania. International migrants by major macro regions of origin and destination (2013). USA more in-flow 53 than out-flow 4. Destination country. Europe more in-flow 72 vs 59. Asia more out-flow 93 vs 71. Sending country. South America more out-flow 37 vs 9.

We analyse

• Emigration flows
• Immigration flows
• Net migration = emigration - immigration
• Net migration rate = net migration on the country of origin population

Stock: total amount of the population in a country. Flow: people that are entering. If there are people leaving, the total contribution is different. Sending country vs destination country = net migration is the difference between emigration and immigration in this particular country. Net migration rate is the net migration on the population of the country in exam (es. Italy in the 60s, emigrants were more than immigrants. So, the country has an emigration flow, so the net migration was negative, Italy was losing population.) If it’s positive this is a country of destination. If it’s negative this is a sending country. Today the majority of migrants still come from poorer countries and go to richer countries (2005-2010): USA and Canada country of destination, Russia country of destination, Europe country of destination, South America country of emigration like Africa and Asia, Cape Town, South Africa is a country of destination, Penisola Araba country of destination like Australia.

Top 10 emigration countries (2010)

1. Mexico
2. India
3. Russian Federation
4. China
5. Ukraine
6. Bangladesh
7. Pakistan
8. UK
9. Philippines
10. Turkey

Top emigration countries (2010) percentage of population

1. West Bank and Gaza
2. Samoa
3. Grenada
4. St. Kitts and Nevis
5. Guyana
6. Monaco
7. Antigua and Barbuda
8. Tonga
9. Albania
10. Barbados
11. Suriname
12. Bosnia and Herzegovina
13. Palau
14. St. Vincent and Grenadines
15. Cape Verde
16. Jamaica
17. Armenia
18. Trinidad and Tobago

Bisogna distinguere i numeri, questi sono luoghi con poca popolazione. In luoghi popolosi si nota meno l’emigrazione, è diverso.

Europe

Since when are more people immigrating to Europe than emigrating from Europe? Net migration in EU 1951-1960:

• FR country of destination like Svizzera and Germany
• IT country of emigration like Spain, Portugal, Greece, Balkans, UK

After 10 years: net migration in Europe 1961-1970:

• IT less emigration -5% to -2% like Spain
• Sweden destination country

Net migration in EU 2001-2009:

• FR always the same
• Spain, Portugal, Italy dark blue, it means that they have become a country of destination
• Poland, Latvia countries of emigration

Net migration in Europe 2010-2012:

• Turkey country of emigration
• Spain and Portugal country of emigration: direction changed recently, also Greece

Nationalities / Types

Stock of migrants in the EU

How many? 57 million migrants in EU28: international migrants and mobile EU citizens by origin (2015)

• Mobile EU citizens 37%
• Non-EU Europe 14%
• Asia Middle East 20%
• North and Sub-Saharan Africa 17%
• Latin Am. Caribbean 9%
• North America, Oceania 2%

EU citizens vs TNC Cittadinanza europea permette movimento in area Schengen. TNC deciso in modo diverso da stato a stato: legge nazionale, non europea. How many? Annual gross immigration to EU: first residence permits by reason of entry (2008-2015)

• Family member: 2015 29%
• Education: 2015 20%
• Employment: 2015 27%
• Other: 2015 24%

These are flow for each year at EU level. The flow is stable. Who is coming? EU28: non-EU migrants flows by nationality (2012-2015) 2015 Syria the most. EU28: migrant flows by nationality and gate of entry, 2015

• Ukraine for employment
• Syria for others
• China for education: not for work because their economy is growing
• Morocco for family: is an old migration, they arrived in the 90s

Asylum in EU

Asylum applications in the EU28 (2006-2016) Step increase since 2013-15. Decrease after 2015. Refugees vs Humanitarian protection vs subsidiary protection: 3 kinds of asylum seekers. Countries of origin asylum seekers in EU28 (2015 e 2016) The largest community are Syria, Afghan and Iraq The European asylum lottery: decisions on asylum applications in Europe, 2016 Rejected the most: Hungary Rejected the less: Slovakia Italy intermediate Germany a lot of refugees, the most are Syrians.

Non documented migrants

But it’s better to call them non documented, is more general. Irregular migration, Irregular migrants and refugees coming via the Mediterranean (2009-2016)

• Italy 670,000
• Greece 1,147,000
• Spain 40,000
• By sea 1,854,000

Arrivals that we do not talk about: irregular arrivals/departures by air from Western Africa. By plane!! Irregular migrants and refugees disembarked in IT and Greece (2014-2017) Rescue operation Mare Nostrum started in Nov. 2013 (Letta) Peak arrivals in Greece: 2015 October EU-Turkey deal: 2016 March: migrants allowed to stay in Turkey, EU finance ONG. The resettlement procedure is an unusual way. Very criticized. In Libano ci sono più richiedenti asilo che in Europa, e il Libano è un paese molto piccolo. African migration to Europe: irregular arrivals by sea Aumento da 2009 al 2016, la maggior parte dall’Africa subsahariana. African migration to Europe: regular flows (2009-2016) Rest of Africa decline Morocco decline Algeria decline Tunisia decline Egypt decline Libya decline They are all in decline.

European border control and visa regimes

EU and Schengen the most.

Determinants of migration

Income differential in 2030: Average GDP per worker as % of EU average in selected regions Turkey boom. But most of today’s migrant sending countries will outgrow today’s receiving countries: average GDP growth forecast (2012-18). Emerging markets continue to outgrow the advanced economies: contribution to global GDP growth 90s 46% emerging 2012-17 74% emerging. Demography: growth of the population, aging of the population. From 6 billion to 7 billion people: contribution to earth's 7th bn per continent Asia the most Europe no population grow. Demographic ageing is a global phenomenon (1950-2050) Europe is continuously getting older. Which part of the world experiences the most rapid demographic aging? EU, North America, Africa, Asia. China is aging more quickly than EU.

Working age population China and India Aging is driven by two major trends:

• Longevity
• Lower number of children

Life expectancy has been increasing since 170 years. During the last 70 years, global life expectancy has increased by 20 years. We have fewer children than any prior generation. The main driver of uneven population change: very unequal numbers of children.

During the last 6 decades, the overall number of children per woman has halved. Global population growth will come to an end!!

2 Marzo