appunti energetica generale introduzione 1

1. GLOBAL ENERGY CHALLENGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

1) Post 2015 agenda

The global society has to face to:

- Economic, social, environmental interdependency

- Internal inequity in many countries

- No equal distribution of natural resources and raw materials

- Financial, economic and structural crises

Energy is essential for development and improved quality of life: it’s deeply linked to

development, global security, environmental protection and achievement of the

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

2) Multidimensional development:

- Human development: OF people (improve human capacities), FOR people

(economic growth and equal richness distribution), BY people ( equal

opportunity to take part in this development)

- Sustainable development: be authentic (focusing on human dignity and

equitable, for all the mankind), promote empowerment and ownership

3) Energy is linked to sustainable development, by :

- Economic dimension: countries which use the largest amount of energy are also

the richest ones.

- Social and environmental dimension: energy development index proportional to

human development one; land degradation and deforestation cause higher

healthy problems.

4) Access to energy should be a right for everybody:

- Without access, fundamentals rights are not guaranteed

International Community has to intervene in order to improve the access to energy,

improve the energy efficiency and the renewable energy, reducing the air pollution.

The energy is:

a) SUSTAINABLE: taking into account the social, economic and environmental needs.

b) GLOBAL: total primary energy supply

GDP TPES

( )

f P , , , F ,C

¿ Geografical and climate

TPES P GDP

Population: factor: forest area, cereal

multiplied by 2 yield, CO2 emissions

GDP per Society factor:

capita: Energy intensity: divided by 3

reduced by 7

Sustainable energy strategies should take care of the environment at local and

global levels.

c) EQUITY:

HIGH INCOME ECONOMIES Energy waste reduction

Sustainable alternative to fossil fuels

MIDDLE INCOME ECONOMIES Environmental care

Increase the energy efficiency

LOW INCOME ECONOMIES Energy systems not able to promote

development

d) COHERENCE:

If we want to respect the 450 scenario, we’ll need more nuclear and renewable

power plants, otherwise the CO2 emissions won’t be limited.

To make a right use of energy we should:

- Reduce the consumptions, when they are waste, not need

- Reduce and differentiate the primary energy

- Increase the efficiency

e) RESPOSABILITY:

- Technological responsibility

- Political responsibility

- Social responsibility

2. GLOSSARY FOR ENERGY

• PRIMARY ENERGY sources: available energy in nature

RENEWABLE NOT RENEWABLE ALMOST UNLIMITED

Hydro Coal Geothermal

Wind Crude oil Nuclear fission (U238)

Solar Oil products Nuclear fusion

Biomass Gas

Tidal/wave/ocean Nuclear fission (U235)

The quality of the fuel is related to where it comes from (so the HV is usually an

averaged value or is calculated by knowing the country data).

• SECONDARY ENERGY: by transforming the primary energy, we obtain

ELECTRICITY and PETROLEUM, COAL PRODUCTS.

• FINAL CONSUMPTIONS: industry, transport, residential and commercial (civil),

non-energy use (petroleum products such as paraffin waxes, lubricants,

bitumen, etc – less than 10%). We analyze them by an energy balance of each

country or region.

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (TPES) is made by:

Indigenous production (all the amount of energy produced by the country)

+imports

-exports

-international marine bunkers (ships used in international navigation)

±stock changes (energy stocked for security)

The total energy supply can be estimated in different ways:

- Neglecting the energy supply which is not exchanged between two countries

(that which is related to national consumption)

- Including the renewable sector by separating or not biofuels and waste

- Using a conversion between all the energy sources with respect to fossil fuel:

not dealing with chemical composition, we use TOE (energy contained in 1 ton

of oil).

OIL  1toe

GAS 0.825 toe

COAL 0.7 toe

TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (TFC) is the sum of the consumption by the different

end-use sectors: industry, transport, electricity production (when the voice is not

present, it’s included into industry), other sectors (agriculture, fishing, civil), non-energy

use.

Conventions for electricity (for energy produced by a plant = TWh):

a) Electricity production, trade and final consumption are calculated as energy content

of the electricity (we don’t evaluate the primary energy used to produce a certain

amount of electricity); used to convert from one unit of measure into another. Ex.

1TWh = 0.086 Mtoe

b) BP convention: the primary energy used for electricity production is calculated from

the gross generation, by assuming a 38% conversion efficiency. Ex. 1TWh=0.226

Mtoe

(we see the primary energy as an alternative to fossil fuels)

c) IEA convention: the primary energy used for electricity production is calculated for

solar, wind and ocean by assuming direct conversion (we do not see the primary

energy as an alternative to fossil fuels), not for geothermal (electricity and heat),

nuclear.

3. INDICATORS

1) ENERGY INDICATORS

They can be SPATIAL (comparison between different countries) or TEMPORAL

(comparison along years for the same country or not).

- Social dimension: equity (accessibility, affordability, disparities), health (safety)

- Economic dimension: use and production pattern, end use, security

- Environmental dimension: water, atmosphere, land, etc

2) SOCIO ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Total population Population growth

Ratio between those who are living in the urban

area over those who are living in the rural area

Increase of quality of life

Gross domestic product per = private consumptions (C)

capita + investments (I)

(idea of the richness of a +government expenditures on final goods or

country) services(G)

+X (gross exports)

-M (gross imports)

Calculated by the current currency exchange rate

Calculated by the purchasing power parity: we

compare how much money we need to buy a certain

good in two different countries.