Appunti delle lezioni lingua inglese

UNIT 1A

• PRESENT SIMPLE

– We use the present simple for things are always true or happen regularly :

- Remember the spelling rules for third person singular

– We use the present simple with adverbs of frequency (usually, never) or expression of frequency (every day,

once a week)

- adverbs of frequency go before the main verb and after be

- expression of frequency usually go at the end of the sentence or verb phrase

• PRESENT CONTINUOUS : BE + VERB + ING

– We use the present continuous for action in progress at the time of speaking. These are normally temporary,

not habitual, action.

– Remember the spelling rules

– We also use the present continuous for future arrangements

• ACTION NON-ACTION VERB

– Verbs which describe action can be used in the present simple or continuous

– Verbs which describe states or feelings are non-action verbs. They are not usually used in the present

continuous, even if we mean “now”.

– Common non-action verbs are: agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love,

matter, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem,suppose, want

– Verbs of the senses are normally also non-action

UNIT 1B

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• BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE​ (future plans, intentions, prediction)

– We use “be going to” when we have already decided to do something

– We use “be going to” to make a prediction about the future, especially when we have some evidence

• PRESENT CONTINUOUS : BE + VERB + ING​ (future arrangements)

– We often use the present continuous for the future arrangements

– We often use the present continuous with verbs relating to travel arrangements

– “be going to” shows that you have made a decision, “present continuous” emphasizes that you have made

the arrangements

• WILL / SHELL + INFINITIVE​ (instant decision, promises, offers, predictions, future facts, suggestions)

– Shells questions, will/won’t affirmative and negative

UNIT 2A

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• PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE : HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

– We use the present perfect for past experiences when we don’t say exactly when they happened

- We often use “ever” and “never” when we talk before the main verb

– We use the present perfect for recent past actions when we don’t say exactly when we focus on the present

result

- In this context we often use “just” before the main verb

– We also use the present perfect with “yet” and “already”

- We use “already” in + sentences. It goes before the main verb

- We use “yet” with - sentences and ”?”. It goes at the end of the phrase

• PAST SIMPLE

– We use the past simple for finished past actions (when we say, ask or know when they happened)

• PAST PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?

– We use the PRESENT PERFECT to talk about past experiences and recent past actions when we don’t

specify a time

– We use the PAST SIMPLE to ask or talk about finished actions in the past, when the time is mentioned or

understood. We often use a past time expressions

UNIT 2B

• PRESENT PERFECT + FOR / SINCE

– We use the present perfect + for or since to talk about something which started in the past and is still true

now

– We use how long…? + present perfect to ask about an unfinished period of time (from the past until now)

– We use for + a period of time or since + a point of time

– Don't use the present simple with for / since

• PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: HAVE / HAS BEEN + VERB + ING

– We use the present perfect continuous with for or since with action verbs to talk about actions with started in

the past and are still true now

- With non-action verbs we use the present perfect simple (NOT continuous)

- Don’t use the present continuous for / since

UNIT 3A

• COMPARING TWO PEOPLE, PLACES, THINGS

– We use comparative adjectives + than to compare two people, places, things

- Regular comparative adj: adj + -ER

- One syllable adj ending in -ed: MORE + adj

- Irregular adj comparative: good ––> better bad ––> worse far ––> further, farther

- We can also use (not) as + adj + as to make comparison

• COMPARING TWO ACTIONS

– We use comparative adverbs to compare two actions

- Regular comparative adverbs: adv + -ER

- Irregular comparative: well ––> better, badly ––> worse

- We can also use (not) as + adv + as to make comparison

• SUPERLATIVES

– We use superlative adj. and adv. to compare people, things or actions with all of their group

– We form superlatives like comparatives but we use -EST instead of -er and the most / least instead of more /

less

– We normally use the before superlatives, but we can also use possessive adj.

– We often use a superlatives with the present perfect + ever

UNIT 3B

• A / AN

– We use a / an with singular countable nouns:

- When we say what something is or what somebody does

- The first time we mention a thing / person

- In exclamation with “What…!”

- In expression to frequency

• TH