Appunti brani Inglese avanzato. 2h di studio

The system has:

Advantages: best price on market, don't need specific competences, financial benefits, strategic optimization, better management, and market discipline.

Disadvantages: inflexible, can't directly control business, partner could share information/secrets, loss of expertise, dependence on the supplier, loss of control over costs and share risks.

The purchasing department is very important for this type of activity in order to:

• Purchase materials at lowest possible costs while maintaining quality
• Maintain good relationship with suppliers
• Place orders with suppliers and arrange delivery dates
• Keep records of ordered placed
• Receive and check delivers of goods against orders
• Co-ordinate with all the departments of the organization

Retail: Shop that sale of goods to the public in relatively small quantities for use or consumption

One-stop shop: wholesaler where you can find everything. Advantages of one-stop shop for customers: save time (because you can find all

you needin only one shop), save money (they usually had low prices), and high levelof trust.

Daihatsu dismantling “Toyota Way” as marketchanges

Daihatsu is an automotive company partially owned by Toyota (51%), but it hasdifferent type of product and target consumer.

In 2011 after the launch of new mini car Mira. Daihatsu advisor decided to cutmanufacturing costs dismantling the business model called “Keiretsu”,because wasn’t efficient anymore. Keiretsu wasn’t efficient for high price,high number of intermediaries, low profit, is slowness and have absence ofspecialization.

Keiretsu is a system based on an informal but close commercial relationshipbetween a manufacturer and its suppliers. There is a lot of actors workingtogether and no one company is leader.

With the increase competition and the growth of emerging countries, costreduction has become increasingly important. To achieve this is necessary toreduce production costs by looking for new suppliers.

stimulating competition, reducing raw material costs, eliminating gadgets, and exploiting economies of scale.

The new minicar MIRA was eco-friendly, it had a low price, it was a city car, and it was light.

Toyota was unable to compete against its competitors in China and India for its higher prices. Daihatsu can give an important lesson to Toyota regarding:

• Foreign pressure because Daihatsu produces cars in demand on the Asian market. For example, it specializes in 'Kei' cars. Which are lightweight cars that account for 40% of the Japanese car market,
• Account system, Daihatsu improving the office's knowledge and skills on cost evaluation,
• On-time delivery because Daihatsu produces directly in the countries where it sells, eliminating in this way the middlemen who generate extra costs.

From Niches to Riches: Anatomy of the Long Tail

Long Tail is a strategy that focuses on offering more products for less customers.

The long tale is based on the niche products. In this way

there is huge variety of product online that can satisfy the needs of consumers. A niche market is a market which products are in fewer quantity but with higher prices, they are also less popular than other products. The Internet marketplace allows companies to produce and sell a wider range of products than ever before. Information technology (internet) make everything available; products have lower prices and help customers to find what they need. With: - Active search tools. - Passive search tools, using the consumer's preferences from past purchases or even page views to identify new products. The advantages of the Internet marketplace are: - The possibility to find all that someone can need and every type of product, - The possibility to shop directly from home, - Lower price, - The easier and faster product comparison, - The possibility to buy products from all around the world. At the same time there are some disadvantages for example the customer can't know thecon la legge internazionale, il rispetto reciproco della sovranità, dell'integrità territoriale e dell'uguaglianza tra gli Stati, il rispetto dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali, nonché il rispetto dei principi di non interferenza negli affari interni degli Stati e di risoluzione pacifica delle controversie. Nel secondo paragrafo vengono elencati gli ambiti di cooperazione, tra cui il commercio, gli investimenti, la finanza, la cultura, l'istruzione, la scienza e la tecnologia, l'energia, l'agricoltura, l'ambiente, il turismo e lo sviluppo sostenibile. Le parti si impegnano a promuovere la cooperazione in questi settori attraverso scambi di informazioni, visite reciproche, incontri di lavoro e altre forme di collaborazione. Nel terzo paragrafo vengono specificati i meccanismi di cooperazione, tra cui la creazione di un comitato congiunto di cooperazione, la promozione di progetti congiunti e la facilitazione degli scambi commerciali e degli investimenti. Le parti si impegnano anche a promuovere la cooperazione tra le imprese, le istituzioni finanziarie e le organizzazioni non governative dei due paesi. Nel quarto paragrafo vengono indicati i principi di finanziamento e di gestione dei progetti congiunti, che devono essere trasparenti, equi, efficienti e sostenibili. Le parti si impegnano a promuovere la partecipazione attiva delle imprese private e delle organizzazioni della società civile nei progetti congiunti. Nel quinto paragrafo vengono previste misure per la risoluzione delle controversie, tra cui la consultazione e la negoziazione amichevole. Le parti si impegnano a risolvere le controversie in modo pacifico e a evitare ricorsi a procedure giudiziarie o arbitrali. Nel sesto paragrafo vengono indicate le modalità di entrata in vigore e di modifica del memorandum of understanding. Il memorandum entra in vigore alla data della sua firma e può essere modificato o integrato solo con il consenso scritto delle parti. Nel settimo paragrafo vengono indicate le disposizioni finali, tra cui la durata del memorandum, che è di cinque anni rinnovabili automaticamente, e la possibilità di denuncia da parte di una delle parti con preavviso di sei mesi. Infine, il memorandum si conclude con la firma delle parti e la data di firma.con il rispetto delle rispettive leggi e regolamenti nazionali. Nel secondo paragrafo vengono indicate le aree di cooperazione tra le parti: 1. Dialogo politico: le parti devono promuovere sinergie e rafforzare la comunicazione e il coordinamento. 2. Trasporti, logistica e infrastrutture: le parti collaboreranno allo sviluppo della connettività infrastrutturale, inclusa la finanza, l'interoperabilità e la logistica, nelle aree di interesse reciproco. Le parti collaboreranno per agevolare lo sdoganamento, rafforzando la cooperazione nelle soluzioni di trasporto sostenibili, sicure e digitali. 3. Commercio e investimenti senza ostacoli: le parti lavoreranno per espandere gli investimenti bidirezionali, i flussi commerciali e la cooperazione industriale. 4. Cooperazione finanziaria: le parti rafforzeranno la comunicazione e il coordinamento bilaterale in materia di politiche di riforma fiscale, finanziaria e strutturale al fine di creare un ambiente favorevole alla cooperazione economica e finanziaria. 5. Connessione tra le persone: espandere gli scambi tra le persone,developnetwork, promote cooperation arrangements on education, culture, science, innovation, health, tourism and public welfare. 6. Green development cooperation: sustainable, environmentally friendly approach, actively promoting the global process towards green, low carbon and circular development. In the third paragraph are indicated the modes of cooperation: 1. Exchange of high-level visits and discussion within existing governmental and non-governmental exchange mechanisms. 2. Developing pilot programs in key areas. 3. Parties will follow market principles, promote cooperation between public and private capital, encourage investment and financing support through diversified models. 4. Parties will jointly explore opportunities of cooperation in Italy and in China and discuss cooperation in third countries. 5. The relevant Authorities of the parties may conclude arrangements for collaboration in specific sectorial fields. In the fourth paragraph is stated that parties will make full use of

existing bilateral mechanism to develop cooperation in the framework of the Bel and Road Initiative.

In the fifth paragraph the parties will settle amicably differences in the interpretation of the Memorandum.

In the sixth paragraph is stated that the Memorandum does not constitute an international agreement which may lead to rights and obligations under international law.

The memorandum take effect for 5 years and will be automatically extended for five-years. A country can leave with 3 months of notice. Signed in Italian, Chinese, and English languages.

The “Marco Polo” Effect: Chinese FDI in Italy

This study investigates the motivations driving Chinese investments to Italy.

The name of this phenomenon recalls the travel of Marco Polo in China, along the Silk Road for 70 years. Today, the Silk Road is travelled in the opposite direction. Like the Venetian merchant discovered, learnt, and returned in Italy with the scientific and technological discoveries from China of the XIII

Century.Today Chinese companies are seeking the original skills and knowledge available in Italian and European companies, especially in design, high-quality productions, technologies and creativity.

The Chinese investment in Italy occurred after 2000 and today are increasing thanks of the support by the Chinese Government. Italy is not the first choice of most Chinese investors, and the decision to invest in Italy is usually part of a broader European strategy.

Disadvantages for Chinese enterprises: Some enterprises don't invest in Italy because there seems to be corruption, poor infrastructures, the large number of small and medium enterprises, higher salaries, and the lots of market regulations.

Advantages: Many Chinese enterprises invest in Italy because they want to enter in the European Market and have benefit from the strategic position of Italy. The other reasons are the importance of the "Made in Italy", the size of domestic market, the specialization in some sectors.

(like automotive,household appliances, fashion, food) and the Italian knowledge and know-how regarding design, high quality, and creativity.

Italy is also strategic in terms of consumers’ tastes because Italian people are considerate sophisticated. So, Italy is strategic in terms of taste and feedback in products.

Important for GDP are also the acquisition that was made to overcame European custom barriers and to improve their product to fit more in a European market. An example it’s the acquisition of HAIER by HUAWEI. Haier is an enterprise located in Varese that produce household appliances.

This situation has positive and negative aspect for Italy. The positive aspect is the input of fresh capital in the Italian market. While the negative aspect is the uncertainty about the future survival of companies acquired by Chinese investor.

Sector: automotive, household appliances, fashion, marketing, design, high quality brand, food

Motivations for Chinese FDI: Discover place where produce better-quality product,

China wants to become the first economic power in the world. China wants to rebuild its international reputation, takeover companies, overcome a saturated internal market in China, and seek cheaper sources and production while also seeking strategic assets. China is also investing in foreign direct investments (FDI) in Italy.

China's outward foreign direct investments (OFDI) are aimed at boosting its gross domestic product (GDP) and supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs). One of China's major initiatives is the Belt and Road Initiative, which aims to revive the ancient Silk Road routes that connected Asia, Europe, and Africa. These routes have historically contributed to the prosperity and development of countries through trade and cultural exchanges.