Mechanical system dynamics
Force equations and system dynamics
F = kΔl
F = cΔl
mẍ + cẋ + kx = F(t)
Linear systems
Linear: all exponents are 1
mẍ + cẋ + kx = 0
x(t) = X0 eλt
ẋ(t) = λ X0 eλt
ẍ(t) = λ2 X0 eλt
X0, λ ∈ C
General solution
mλ2 X0 eλt + cλ X0 eλt + k X0 eλt = 0
(mλ2 + cλ + k) X0 eλt = 0
eλt > 0 always
X0 = 0 trivial solution → the system stands still forever
mλ2 + cλ + k = 0
λ1,2 = -c ± √(c2 - 4mk) / 2m
λ1,2 = -c / 2m ± √(c2 - k2) / 2m
No damping
C = 0 → NO DAMPING
λ1,2 = ± √(-k/m) = ± √(k/m) = ± i ω
mẍ + kx = 0
Minimum vibrating system
X(t) = X01 eiωt + X02 e-iωt
Real number ω0 = √(k/m) [rad/s]
Angular frequency
F0 = ω0 / 2π [Hz]
Eigenfrequency
Only possible solution
Complex conjugate
Mechanical system dynamics revisited
mẍ + cẋ + kx = F(t)
mẍ + cẋ + kx = 0
x(t) = X0 eλt
ẋ(t) = λ X0 eλt
ẍ(t) = λ2 X0 eλt
mλ2 X0 eλt + cλ X0 eλt + k X0 eλt = 0
(λ2m + λc + k) X0 eλt = 0
λ2m + λc + k = 0
λ1,2 = -c ± √(c2 - 4mk) / 2m
c = 0
λ1,2 = ± j √(k/m)
mẍ + kx = 0
X(t) = X01ejω0t + X02e-jω0t
ω0 = √(k/m)
f0 = ω0 / 2π
Solution with initial/border conditions
x(t) = (a+i b)ei ω0t + (a-i b)e-i ω0t = (a+i b)(cos ω0t + i sin ω0t) + (a-i b)(cos ω0t - i sin ω0t)
= 2a cos ω0t - 2b sin ω0t = A cos ω0t + B sin ω0t
Apply initial/border conditions
x(0) = x0 x = A cos ω0t + B sin ω0t -> x(0) = A
ẋ(0) = v0 ẋ = -A ω0sin ω0t + B ω0cos ω0t -> ẋ(0) = B ω0
A = x0
B = V0/ω0
x(t) = x0 cos ω0t + V0/ω0 sin ω0t
If x(0) = x0, ẋ(0) = 0 -> x(t) = x0 cos ω0t
Energy transfer and damping
Continuous transfer of energy between kinetic and potential
T0 = 2π/ω0
λ1,2 = c/2m ± √((c/2m)² - k/m)
Assume c>0, - k/m < 0
c/2m < ω0
c/2mω0 < 1
2mω0 CRITICAL DAMPING [N s/m]
c/ccrit DAMPING RATIO
If damping ratio is lower than 1
λ1,2 = - c/2m ± √(k/m - (c/2m)²)
-c/2m + ω0 < - (c/2m)²
Underdamped and overdamped systems
λ1,2 = - C/2m ± i ωo √(1 - ( C/2mωo )2)
z = - C/2m ± i ωo √1 - ξ2
X(t) = Xo1 e(- C/2m + iωd√(1 - ξ2)) t + Xo2 e(- C/2m - iωd√(1 - ξ2)) t
= e-C/2mt [ Xo1 eiωd√1 - ξ2 t + Xo2 e-iωd√1 - ξ2 t ]
[ A cos ωdt + B sin ωdt ]
ωd = ωo √1 - ξ2
ξ < 1 UNDERDAMPED
ξ ≈ 1e-3 - 1e-2 for metallic structures
Td = 2π/ωd
ξ > 1 OVERDAMPED SYSTEM
λ1,2 = C/2m ± √( ( C/2m )2 - k/m ) ∈ ℝ > 0
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