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S.V.Ob. The object of the clause

This is the car (that/which) I used to own

I used to own the car

S.V.O+ here the relative pronoun can be omitted. It’s the object of the clause

There are two types of relative clauses: defining and non-defining clauses.

Defining relative clauses are written without commas, as they give essential information.

Ex: My daughter who/that lives in Paris is a university professor

“who lives in Paris” is essential information

Non-defining relative clauses are written with commas, as they give extra information (don’t use“that” in a non-defining relative clause)

Ex: My daughter, who lives in Paris, is an eminent doctor

“who lives in Paris” is extra information

1. This is the woman that/who I work with

2. This is the woman I work with

3. This is the woman with whom I work

- This book is fascinating. I read this book yesterday. > The book, which I read yesterday, is fascinating

This is the kind of book (that/which) I

find fascinating

Recap:

My daughter who/that lives in Paris is a university professor- Who/that for people (non defining only “who”)
Ex: the boys who are playing with your children are his- Which/ that for things ( non defining only which)
Ex: Here is the book which/ that Mr. Smith gave me- Whose for possession (also for things)
Ex: The man whose children are making such a deafening noise is Mr. Smith

1. This is the house where I live (relative adverb)
2. This is the house which I live in
3. This is the house in which I live (formal)

➢ When we form relative clauses with a preposition:

1. I’m the person (who/that) you wrote to
2. I’m the person to whom you wrote (formal) (who becomes whom after a preposition)

Defining and non-defining relative clauses. Sentence transformation

1. This is my new laptop. I bought it on internet.
   This is my new laptop which I bought on internet
2. This is the man. You were speaking to him yesterday
   This is the man to whom you were speaking yesterday

This is the shop in which she bought her jacket.

1. Il giornalista che mi ha intervistato era davvero amichevole.
2. The journalist who interviewed me was really/very friendly.
3. L'uomo che abbiamo incontrato è un famoso pittore.
4. The man we met is a famous painter.
5. La strada che portava alla cattedrale era chiusa.
6. The street/road which led/took us to the cathedral was closed.
7. La strada che abbiamo preso portava a una cattedrale.
8. The street we took led to a cathedral.
9. Questa è la donna dei cui gemelli mi prendo cura.
10. This is the woman whose twins I look after/take care of.
11. Roger, che non vedevo da secoli, mi ha telefonato ieri sera.
12. Roger, who I hadn't seen for ages, phoned me last night.
13. Will Smith, che mi piace molto, è un attore e rapper americano.
14. Will Smith, who I like very much/I really like, is an American actor and rapper.
15. La macchina di Martin, che ha comprato il mese scorso, si è già.

As soon as I saw him, I gave him a hug

No sooner had I seen him, than I gave him a hug

3. I realized only then that he had already left

Only then did I realize that he had already left

Translation

1. Ian sapeva suonare la chitarra a 6 anni
2. Ian could play (was able to play) the guitar when he was 6 years old/ at the age of six
3. Sono riuscito a rintracciare l'indirizzo di Terry
4. I managed (succeeded in/ was able to ) to find/ get hold of Terry's address
5. Non è riuscito ad entrare a Harvard
6. He didn't manage to (he wasn't able to/ he didn't succeed in/could) get into Harvard

I'm going to > intention

I was going to > I didn't do it, something happened

Would have called > unfulfilled

Translation

Dopo sei mesi, Cathy è finalmente riuscita a passare l'esame di guida

E adesso non vede l'ora di comprarsi un'auto sua. Aspetta da quasi cinque anni questo momento magico per poter avere un'auto tutta sua. Prima d'ora doveva sempre chiedere un passaggio al padre. "Comprerò una bella macchina rossa, così sarò facilmente visibile sull'autostrada. Finalmente posso essere libera di andare e venire come voglio".

After six months Cathy finally succeeded in passing her driving test, and now she is looking forward to buying her own car. She has been waiting for this magic moment for almost five years, to be able to have her own car. Before now, she always had to ask her father for a lift. "I'm going to buy a nice/beautiful red car, so I will easily be seen on the highway/motorway. Finally, I can be free to come and go as I want".

Gli psicologi americani hanno lanciato l'allarme:

Navigare in rete può rovinare la vita a molti, giovani e adulti. Milioni di persone, secondo il più vasto studio mai realizzato, sono sempre più affascinate da Internet, a tal punto da non poterne più fare a meno.

American psychologists have raised the alarm: surfing the net (Internet) can ruin many people's lives, young people and adults. According to the largest study ever carried out, millions of people are more and more fascinated by the Internet, to the point where they can no longer do without it.

E questo è motivo di litigi in famiglia, bocciature a scuola e persino problemi con la giustizia. Lo dice David Greenfield, medico e psicologo, specializzato in problemi legati all'uso quotidiano di Internet.

And this is the reason for family arguments, failure at school and even problems with the law. This is what David Greenfield says, a doctor and psychologist, specialized in issues related to the daily use of Internet.

person.Never……have I met such a wonderful person……….

(i) I’m sure that was Tom on the plane. (deduction) That must have been Tom on the plane…….

(j) I’m certain that wasn’t Sue on the bus (deduction) That …can’t have been Sue on the bus……

(k) It was a mistake for you to send that text. (modal) You …shouldn’t have sent thattext……………………

(l) I think you should call the doctor. (advice form)You’d better……call the doctor…….If I ……were you, I would call the doctor ………………

VerbsWhen I (1. knock *) was knocked off my bicycle two years ago by a hit-and-run driver, I (2. MODspend) had to spend two months in hospital to get over my injuries. That meant (3. put *) puttingup with a lot of hospital meals, which were not very tasty. The day started with a

1. cup of weak tea and some biscuits.
2. Lunch (4. serve) was served at midday and it (5. consist usually *) usually consisted of soup and fruit.
3. I (6. set * just) had just set up a catering business three weeks before going to hospital and so I wondered if there was something I (7. MOD do) could do to improve the menu.
4. When I (8. leave) left hospital after a week, I immediately (9. write) wrote to the hospital manager who (10. write *) wrote back saying they (11. MOD be) would be delighted to try out my new recipes.
5. And they did! I spent so much time (12. create) creating the perfect menu and I'm happy to say that everyone seems (13. be) to be very happy with the results!
6. If I (14. be NEG) hadn't been in that accident, I (15. have NEG) wouldn't have had the chance to expand my business!
7. Until two years ago, I didn't enjoy (1. go) going to supermarkets. An aunt of mine used