Appunti Electronics systems (parte 1)

· Lecture

1 Electronics It

ubiquitos

· is powers

. :

Smart manufacturing

Things

(Internet

IoT of (

(Information Technology

ICT and Communication vehicles

I and

electric

especially

Automotive mobility autonomous

Sensors )

physical

convert quantity/temperature .

etc into

.

1 analog signal

pressure

a an

.

, ,

(AFE)

The Front-end performs

Analog amplification

.

2 filtering

and .

which

(ADC) samples

passed

signal

3

. The through and

converter quantizes the

A/D

is an ,

to

signal digital stream

produce a .

Processor

Digital decision-making

The

4 data

computation

performs manipulation

. ,

, or .

(DAC) converts needed

back to

digital

converter

D/A analog

5 A if

signals

. .

side)

I

block

The include

Conditioning

.

6 right may :

Filtering

.

Power amplification

.

Power conversion

. physical

with world

the

The interacting

reaches the Actuators

signal

7

. .

,

Power losses

because to

converting

crucial DC

· AC vice

conversion is power

versa

or ,

,

heat

become efficiency crucial

is

so

; .

Power adapts like

amplification for components

output

· CPUs

energy .

There domains

· 5 main

are :

electronics

Analog candi

involves

continuaus signals

With

.

1 Works amplification .

s sensores

, ,

;

tioning

.

Digital logie

Electronics interfaces

circuits

.

2 processors

s memory

, .

,

,

and

Power regulation

Electronics

3

. conversion

s .

for and

wireless

Electronics

RF & communication systems

4

. Microwave .

Signal

Mixed Electronics combining analog and digital

.

5 -

Electronics defined electrical

and

study

the conduction materials

of

· is in

use

as

such such

and devices tubes

semiconductors and in .

gases vacuum

as as

,

So how

about

electronics behaves

electricity different

isn't it's

about

Just circuits

· in

semiconductors

materials especially .

,

In Michael when

conduct

noticed

Faraday that heated

materials ,

better

· 1833 some

, behave the opposite

which metals

because

surprising way

was ,

In electrons)

(mainly

heating breaks

semiconductors free

bands carriers

s more

, density

This slightly

though to

drops due scattering

mobility

increases carriers even .

,

conductivity

But overall semiconductors decreases

with temperature in

increases in ,

:

metals

. (1904) Invented

Biode

Vacuum has

Fleming

by John it

· : :

,

electrons)

/heated

cathode

A to emit .

/

(to electrons

anode collect

An direction only

current

Allows in on . .

when

thermionic

The heated

electrons

releases

effect

(1906) Invented

Audion between

by and

Tube Lee grid

Vacuum Forest anode

adds

De

· : a

,

cathode :

Small grid like

the ampli

larger

much current acting

voltage control

can

on an

a

.

fier switch

or essential

These and

early radios radar systems

TVs

in

were , .

,

(1948)

Point Shockley

Bardeen

created

transistor by

contact and Brattain Bell

at

· :

- , ,

Labs . semiconductor amplifier

First .

Revolutionized electronics tubes

smaller than

efficient

more

: , .

Integrated (1959) and

Circuits invented

Kilby multiple transistors

Noyce

· ICI

: one

on

:

chip interconnected silicon substrate

on a

, .

Laid foundation

the for modern microelectronics .

Intel (1971) the first built and

by

· Hoff

Faggin Mazor

4004 microprocessor

: .

,

, ,

transistors

2300 .

10 Nm process

.

bit KHz

4- 108

, . chip

Fit 4 mm

3 mm x

on a .

It powered the Busicom first product

the with

commercial

Calculator

· 141-PF processor

a

, chip

number

Gordon that transistors

the double

would

of

predicted

Moore lo

· every year

on a ,

ter revised two

to years .

every

transistors function

More lower

better performance cost

s per .

,

The how

graph dots)

shows transistor while

I

and performance blue

count

· increase power can

,

(red) /green)

frequency

and stabilize

sumption .

Higher frequency heat s limited

now

more

= . (more

Performance and

thanks bet

still architectural improvements

parallelism

to

· improves cases ,

instructions)

ter .

0 Lecture

2 Imagine happening

What's

rubbing fure

amber with at

of

· of

piece

piece

a a a

.

level fur

the to the

electrons transferred from

that amber

is

microscopic are .

having last

becoming the

electrons fur

charged while

amber

The negatively

· gains ,

, ,

charged

becomes behavior

This called electricity

positively

electrons static

is .

.

,

Electrons charge .

(

charge The

and

I-e) protons

negative positive

· unit

+ e)

carry carry a

a (C)

charge the

electric Coulomb

of is .

Charge quantized always multiples elementary

the

of

it integers

in

is meaning comes

,

charge : 10-29C and 2

,

Ine

e 1 602 a 1

n 0

= =

:

. . .

,

,

. , %

charge

corresponds

So the

to

Coulomb electrons

about

of

· 6 24 10

one .

·

.

,

Charges charges char

through while

the

interact Coulomb repel

with

· Force sign

same

; by

with interaction

This law

governed

different attract Conlamb's

is

sign

ges :

.

F 1 0110

= k

' 2

ム 0

π re

10-1 between

Here the the distance

F/m and

permittivity

854

8

· E is is

vacuum

= r

.

.

,

charges charges

force line two and and

equal

the

This the

acts along is

joining

. oppo

, .

.

both (action-reaction)

site on E

The electric field the charge

face placed

felt

charge by small test

unit

· in

is per space

a :

t β=

무

Its If

IVm) the

INC)

Coulomb

Newtons

units equivalently meter

· Volts some

are or per

per .

field distance

charge then

point at

the

is is

ce a :

a r

a

,

ピン :

일

류 '

.

"

If charges

there field

total all

the electric the

multiple of

Just

· vector

is sum

are , the

fields

individuals called principle

this of superposition

is E

charge force

electric

placed

test field

A will

in experience

a a :

an ' t

- ,

If this charge field

from done

to electric

the

the by

is

point

· work

is on

moves a ,

charge

the line

by the

force

the path

the integral of along

given

is :

{

=φ

'

ds "

dW = dS Eds

" ' '

= W

φ E

F , r1

Crucially the field labeled and

that doesn't

static this

time

· it

is

is in

vary

as

, ,

What semplification

allows key

is a :

*If the electric field depend

field

done

static does path

by the

the

the not

work

is on

,

and

but

taken final

the initial

only and

positions is is

on

, field

the

that and foundation

that's

This the for defining

tell

property conservative

is

· us e

=

lectric potential energy

Since field

the functio USE

potential

define scalar

conservative

is energy

we can a

, ,

Which stored to .

charge

the field

represents due the

position

its

in in

energy a

change field

the

We the

potential by

define the

negative done

the of work

· in energy as :

[ de

V(1)

V(ra)

su w

= 0

= =

-

- - , . how

The So the

(5) electric field

the tells

Joule

potential

of

unit

· is

energy po

us

. ,

changes direction

field

the

tential direction the

the

and of Whi

is in

in space

energy

ch potential charge

for

rapidly

most

decreases positive

energy a . choose

free

that

However to

potential relative always

· we're

is means

energy re

a

;

, where

ference point defined be

to

the is

energy zero . have

doesn't

This physical because potential

predictions differences

affect only in energy

,

physica meaning .

choice

A to

set potential

physics at

to

· the infinity

in is

common zero

energy :

)

(

U 0

=

0

The between elec

electric defined difference

two the

potential points

· voltage is in

or as

tric potential charge

unit

per

energy : 1U

1V = 9 In choose

potential

We set the at point to circuits often

· can zero .

one we a

node zero-potential

specific reference

the

as y

V V

Mu

④ .

I {

_ /ground circuits

for

symbols

Vcc ⇌ B v1

_

ㅇ Voltage o

We assume =

~

Given simple resistor with

circuit

· series

a : 」

supply

A Vec

power .

and

resistors

Two R2

Rs .

ground chosen

node

A bottom

the loop

the

at of .

happening

What's :

Point the ground V

O is 0

= .

Point has

Ra

between and

Ry voltage Va

2 a .

,

,

Point has higher

before voltage

Rs VI

I a

, .

,

We also that

· see : each

The drops resistor

voltage across . direction

indicated

The according conventional

to the of

polarities .

current

are and

Kirchhoff's

law and compute

law

Using Ohm's VRS VRC

Va

Va

we can

, , ,

charge measured amperes/A)

Current the flow electric

of

of

rate in

is :

,

: d

! ? 9

=

よ t charge

By direction though

flows the

convention current movement most

of positive

· in

in even

, ,

charges)

(negative that

actually electrons direction

the

it's

circuits opposite

in

moving

are .

two-terminal fixed

A device regardless

that maintains

voltage Vs

· voltage

is

source a a ,

the current

of drawn

. E

· · internal

have

ideal

However model real resistence

because

this

· is sources .

an

, Rs

VS

+ _ Vs

=

V

θ

¤ + + ,

'

V

have several representations

We

· source :

(constant voltage)

DC

A source ( sinusoidal

An voltage)

AC source .

A source

square wave . O

.

·

스 스

~ general

·

ㄴ sinkos

square

DC waveform

AC . . .

have

We

· the

also with symbol

current .

can sources

Sometimes (When

also used have

these for

to

· symbols circuit

short

i

imagine ,

V

are 0 e

you a

= . .

,

circuit)

and for i . open

0 .

e an

i

= .

, · a

√ i

·

One the fundamental laws

of

· most Ohm's Law

circuits

in is :

B

V =

It states that proportional through

the directly the current

to

resistor

voltage

· is

across a IVA

measured Where

R (1)

Resistance ohms

. is I

it in = .

,

And lot (KCL)

the and

important the

Kirchhoff's Kirchhoff's

Current Law

· Voltage

are

a

( )

Law KVL , algebraia

The first that

node

applied to the

and currents

of