Appunti Letteratura anglo-americana

TOGHETER WITH HIS WORKS OF REVISION HE ADDS 18 PREFACES TO HIS NOVELS

09/10

TUTORIAL-WINTER TERM 2024-LUCA MOLLENHAUER

USA IN THE 1800(EAST COAST AND MISSISIPI ZONE)

THERE IS NO REAL IDENTITY YET, SINCE PEOPLE WANTED TO STAY THERE, THEY

THOUGHT OF THEMSELF AS EUROPOEAN LIVING IN AMERICA EVEN THOUGH THEY HAD

CHILD BORN IN THE USA

SOCIAL JUSTICE IS AN IMPORTANT THEME WHICH WAS FLOURISHING AMONG THE

STATE

MAKING A NATION

A LOT OF TIMES IN EUROPEAN HISTORY A NATION FORMS BC PEOPLE FROM THE SAME

TRIBE COME TOGHETER SPEAKING THE SAME LENGUAGE, IN AMERICA THOUGH

PEOPLE WENT THERE ON PURPOSE AND COME TOGHETER THEN TO FORM A NATION

8 FOUNDING FATHERS, THE NUMBER HAS BEEN DISCUSSED THROUGHT YEARS:

WASHINGTON. HAMILTON ECC(SLIDE)

THE RAPID EXPANSION OF THE RAILROAD AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY BEGAN

SHIFTING THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC BASIS AND THE POP….(SLIDE)

BIG TOWNS AND CITY ARE BEING FORMED IN THIS TIME

THE MORE PEOPLE AND TECNOLOGY MEAN THEN THE MORE INCREASE

WESTWARD EXPANSION

PEOPLE WANT TO EXPEND MORE NOW, THEY WANTED TO HAVE MORE SPACE TO

EXPAND FOR MORE PEOPLE COMING

AMERICAN FRONTIER LITERATURE AND THE FRONTIER MITH

THERE WAS HUGE DISCUSSION ABOUT THIS AT THAT TIME, INTELLECTUAL SAID THAT

THIS LITERATURE ABOUT THE WEST IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE ACTUAL REALITY

PEOPLE LIVED IN ESPECIALLY IN THE WEST AMERICA (BIG DISCREPANCY BTW WEST

AND EAST)

FRONTIER MITH=RED DEAD REDEMPTION, BUFFALO BILL ECC=USUALLY INCORRECT

MANIFEST DESTINY

IN THE USA EVERY PART OF AMERICAN HISTORY WAS DONE DUE TO RELIGION,

PURITANS THOGHT THAT GOD WANTED AMERICA’S FOUNDING

SPIEGAZIONE SLIDE

THE MITH OF THE WILD WEST

ROMANTICISM(1800-1850 CA.)

INDIVIDUALISM BECOME MORE IMPORTANT

PEOPLE BECAME MORE AWARE OF THEMSELF AND THE INDIVIDUAL REPONSABILITY

WAS MUCH CONSIDERED

A MOVEMENT FOCUSED ON EMOTIONS, NATURE AND THE INDIVIDUAL’S EXPERIENCE

OVER REASON

(SLIDE PER ALTRO)

WASHINGTON IRVING(NAMED AFTER GEORGE WASHINGTON)

HE IS ONE OF THE FIRST PEOPLE WHO COULD LIVE OF HIS WRITINGS

SKETCH BOOK=SHORT STORY WITH FUNNY ELEMENTS BUT NOT ONLY

HE HAD HIS PEN NAME TO TARGET DIFFERENT AUDIENCE

HE GREW UP AROUND NEW YORK CITY, SO THE WROT THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF

NY…

(SLIDE PER ALTRO)

RIP VAN WINKLE=MAIN CHARACHTER OF HIS SHORT STORY

HE FALLS ASLEEP AND SLEPT FOR 20 YEARS, WHEN WE WOKE UP HE WANTED TO GO

HOME BUT EVERYTHING WAS DIFFERENT AND MOST OF THE THINGS HE REMEMBERED

DIDNT EXISTED ANYMORE

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

JAMES FANIMORE COOPER

HE IS MORE INTO WILD WEST MITH BC WHEN HE GROW UP IN NY

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

HE WROTE THE LEATHERSTOCKING TALES PUBLISHED BTW 1823 AND 1841, AN

IMPORTANT COLLECTION FOR AMERICAN HISTORY

THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS (1826)

HIS MAIN CHARACHTER HAD AMERICAN INDIGENOUS NAMES(HAWKEYE)

HE DESCRIBES THE WAY HE IMAGIN THE FRENCH AMERICAN WAR BEING STATED AT

THAT TIME

TRASCENDALISM

A MOVEMENT THAT FOCUSES A LOT OF NATURE, BUT USUALLY IT FOCUSES ON NEW

ENGLAND, THE NOT EAASTERN PART OF THE US, MOST OF TRASCENDENTALISM

PEOPLE WERE FROM THAT PLACE

THEY WERE PROMOTING THE HUMAN BEING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NATURE

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

ESPECIALLY MASSACHUSSET IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THIS

MOVEMENT(CONCORD=MOST IMPORTANT VILLAGE, CONSIDERED THE BIRTHPLACE OF

THE NATION)

EMERSON’S HOUSE IN CONCORD=PLACE WERE AUTHORS USED TO REUNITE

TOGHETER

FOR LITERATURE ALSO IT IS AN IMPORTANT PLACE

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

THERE THERE WAS THE TRANCENDENT CLUB(VEDI SLIDE PER NOMI)

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AUTHOR OF THIS TIME (VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

HIS WIFE DEATH LEAD HIM TO TRAVEL TO EUROPE AND CAME BACK WITH THE IDEA OF

CREATING MORE MOVEMENT BASED ON TRASCENDALISM

NATURE(1836)

HE THINKS THAT WE SHOUDL GO MORE INTO NATURE AND COMBINING IT MORE WITH

OUR THOUGHTS, EVERYBODY SHOULD LIVE THEIR LIFE THOGHETER WITH NATURE

THE SOUL IS ALREADY OUT THERE AND IN ORDER TO FIND IT WE SHOULD BOND WITH

NATURE

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

IN ORDER TO BE INDIPENDENT DURING OUR LIFE AND UNDERSTAND HOW TO LIVE

PROPERLY WHE SHOULD LIVE LIKE A FARMER ALWASY INVOLVED IN NATURE

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR(1837)

YOU ARE ONLY EDUCATED IF YOU DO ALL THE THINGS HE SAYS

HIS AUDIENCE SHOULD BE ORIGINAL (VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

HENRY DAVID THOREAU

HE IS VERY SIMILAR TO EMERSON

NATURE WILL ALWAYS GIVE YOU ANSWER, IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE WELL OBSERVED

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

WALDEN, OR LIFE IN THE WOODS(1854)

CONSCIUS ENDEVOUR=HAVING NATURE AS ONE OF THE BIGGEST HELP IN ORDER TO

FIND ANSWERS

EVERYBODY SHOULD LIVE A SIMPLE LIFE, SIMPLE APPROACH TO LIFE; THE OPPOSITE

OF CAPITALISTIC AMERICA NOWDAYS

PEOPLE NEED TO BE SELF RELIANCE

(VEDI SLIDE PER ALTRO)

REFLECTION ON WATER

NATURE IS CONNECTED WITH GOD

(TESTO SLIDE)….. ONLY IN WATER CAN I SEE MY TRUE SELF, WHAT OTHER PEOPLE SAY

MIGHT BE DIFFERENT

WALT WITMAN

HE WAS BORN A QUAKER=VERY RELIGION PERSON(NOW MOST FROM UTAH)

UNLIKE THE OTHERS WAS A POET, IN THE AMERICAN LITERATURE HISTORY ONE OF

THE MOST IMPORTAN AUTHOR, THE MAKER OF AMERICAN POETRY(EZRA PUND CALLED

HIM “AMERICA”)

HE IS HEART CATEGORIZED(ROMANTIC, REALISM, TRASCENDENTALISM)

WHAT MADE HIM FAMOUS EVERYWERE WERE HIS FREE VERSES

(VEDY SLIDE PER ALTRO)

LEAVES OF GRASS(1885), COLLECTION OF POEM

SONG OF MYSELF(1885), 52 PASSAGES, DOESNT SEEM AS A POEM

FIRST PASSAGE

INDIVIDUALISM=I CELEBRATE MYSELF, USES I A LOT

ALSO CELEBRATES AMERICA=BORN FROM THE SOIL…

IN THE LAST VERSE HE TALKS ABOUT NATURE

THE EYE CAN ONLY EVOLVE LIKE THIS BC OF AMERICAN NATURE

MARGARET FULLER

IMPORTANT FOR FEMINISM IN THE USA

(VEDI SLIDE)

LEZIONE 14/10/2024 DONNA

PIERRE BORDIEU

FRENCH SOCIOLOGIST

IN HIS REFLECTION TASTE IS EXTREMELY RELEVANT; HE UNDERLINES THAT TASTE IS

SOCIALLY INDUCED, IS STRONGLY CONNECTED TO THE SOCIAL CLASS A SPECIFIC

PERSON BELONGS

ACCORDING TO HIM, AESTETIC REFERENCES ARE DICTATED BY TASTE AS A RESULT OF

3 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT:

POSSESISON OF ECONOMIC CAPITAL: HE REFERS TO THE INCOME OF A PERSON, THE

PROFESSION AND THE ECONOMIC POSSIBILITES

POSSESSION OF CULTURAL CAPITAL. HE REFERS TO THE CULTURE TRANSMITTED BY

THE FAMILY OF ORIGIN AND THE SCHOOL ATTENDED

POSSESSION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL: POSSESION OF RELATIONSHIP ON WHICH THAT

INDIVIDUAL CAN RELY

IN ORDER TO PROPERLY BELONG TO A SOCIAL CLASS THIS 3 ELEMENT ARE ALL

FUNDAMENTAL, IF YOU LACK ONE OF THEM YOU CAN COPY FROM PEOPLE FROM THAT

SOCIAL CLASS BUT YOU NOT ACTUALLY BELONG TO IT

THIS IDEA IS CONNECTED WITH HABITUS CONCEPT BY BORDIEU, THAT REFERS TO A

GROUP OF ATTIDUTE AND SKILLS THAT SHAPE THE INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTION OF THE

WORLD; ATTIUDES THAT ARE DEEPLY INGRAVED IN THE INDIDUAL

CONNECTED WITH THIS HABITUS IDEA: WORKING CLASS=FRUGALITY=IN THE

MOMENT IN WHICH THEY FACE THE WAY OF DRESSING THEY VALUE COMFORT, MORE

IMPORTANT THAN FASHION/ WHILE THE MIDDLE CLASSES IS MORE FOCUSED ON

FASHION

KAWAMURA

HE IS IMPORTANT FOR THE INDTRODUCTION OF FASHIONOLOGY TERM=HE

DISIGNATED THIS NEW DISCIPLINE, IT IS AN ACADEMIC DISICIPLINE, INTERDICIPLINARY

APPROACH TO CAPTURE FASHION PHEONOMENON; IT IS AN APPROACH THAT

RECONGNIZE CLASSICAL ANALYSIS FASHION SISTYEM AND UNDERSTAND THE

SEMIOTIC AND SEMIOLOGIAL ANALYSIS VALUE AND IT IS INTERDISCIPLINAED ANALYS,

ALL THIS DISCIPLINE ARE IN DIALOGUE IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND FASHION MEANING

IN THIS PERIOD WE HAVE THE CREATION OF JOURNAL REFLECTING THE

PHEONOMENON OF FASHION FROM DIFFERENT POV

WHAT IS RELEVANT IS THAT IN THIS JOURNALS, WE HAVE SORT OF DEFINITION OF 2

TERMS THAT HAVE BEEN USED AND STILL USED AS SYNONIM: FASHION STUDY AND

FASHION THEORY, THEY ARE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT; THE FIRST SI MORE CONNCECTED

TO A PROFESSIONAL KNOWHOW AS FAR AS FASHION IS CONCERNED/THE CULTURAL

ANAYLIS WITH THE PHEONOMENON OF FASHION, WE ARE NOT WORKING WITH A

PROFESSIONAL KNOWHOW (LITERATURE, FILM-STUDIES ECC).

VERY OFTEN STUDING CONTEMPORARY CULTURAL PHEONMENON WE PREFER AN

INTERDISCIPLNARY APPROCH IN ORDER TO CONSIDER ALL THE NEW ONES ASPECTS,

SINCE WE HAVE MANY OF THEM HIGLGHTED IN THE ANAYLIS

VERY OFTEN THIS 2 WORDS ARE USED AS SYNONIM

FASHION CAN BE ANALIZED AS A LANGUAGE, IT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS A LANGUAGE

SEMIOTIC-SEMIOLITCAL PERSPECTIVE

THE FIRST ONE WHO WORKED ON THE IDEA OF THE LANGUAGE OF CLOTHING IS

ROLAND BARTHES; HE WROTE “SYSTEM DE LA MODE”, A FOUNDING TEXT FOR

STUDING OF FASHION AS A LANGUAGE

THE FIRST WHO CONNECTED FOR THE FIRST TIME FASHON AS LANGUAGE HAD BEEN

SAUSSURE, A BIG LINGUISTIC; HE SUGGESTED THE IDEA THAT LANGUAGE IS A SYSTEM

OF SIGNS THAT EXPRESSES IDEA(VEDI SLIDE). HE IS SUGGESTING THAT THE VERBAL

LANGUAGE IS ONE LANGUAGE AMONG OTHERS BUT IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT

THE TALKS ABOUT ISSUE OF FASHION IN 3 PARTS OF HIS BOOK “COURSE IN GENERAL

LINGUISTIC”:

THE FIRST TIME HE MENTIONS FASHION AS A LANGAGE, HE REFLECTED ON THE

ARBITRAIRNESS OF LINGUISTIC SIGNS, OF THE LINK BTW THE SIGNIFIER AND THE

SIGNIFIED(VEDI SLIDE)

HE WORKED ON THE IDEA OF SIGN, HE OFFERS 2 PART MODEL OF THE SIGN:

ACCORDING TO HIM IT IS COMPOSED OF 2 PARTS, THE FIRST ONE IS THE SIGNIFER

AND THE SIGNIFED, THE FIRST IS THE FORM WHICH THE SIGN TASTES,IT IS THE WORD,

DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT LENGUAGE, THE SECOND IS THE CONCEPT THAT THE SIGN

REPRESENT, THE IMAGE IT RAPRESENTS

IN THE CASE OF FASHION HE SAYS THAT FASHION IS NOT ARBITRALY CONNECTED; IN

THE CASE OF FASHION WE HAVE THE HUMAN BODY, IS NOT AN ABSTRACT IDEA; THE

CHOICES OF FASHION ARE DICTATED BY HUMAN BODY, IT IS NECESSARY TO HAVE

WELL PRESENTED IDEA, THATS BC UNLIKE LANGUAGE WE ARE NOT DEALING WITH

THE IDEA OF AN ARBITRARY SYSTEM

SIGNIFIER AND SIGNIFIED IN FASHION/CLOTHING

IN THE CASE OF FASHION THE SIGNIFIER IS THE PHISICAL ITEM OF CLOTHING, WHEN

WE TALK ABOUT SIGNIFIER WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE SPECIFIC ITEM, IT’S VISUAL

ASPECT AND THE WAY IT IS WORN

SIGNIFIED IS THE MEANING THAT THE FASHION ITEM EXPRESSES, THE MEANING IS

CULTURALLY PRODUCED

LANGUE

THE SOUSSUR INTRODUCED THE DISTINCTON BTW LANGUE AND PAROLE (LANGUAGE

AND SPEECH)

ACCORDING TO HIM LANGUE IS A (VEDI SLIDE), IT IS A SOCIAL PRODUCT, SOMETHING

IN THE MIND OF ALL THE SPEAKERS AS A SHARED CODE

THIS EMPHAZIS ON THE IDEA OF EXISTING OF ALL MIND IS IMPORTANT BC TALING

ABOUT PAROLE WE ARE FOCUSING ON THE PERSONAL USE OF LANGUAGE

PAROLE REFERS TO SOMTHEING THAT CAN VARY FROM PERSON TO PERSON, IT

INCLUED DIALECTS (VEDI SLIDE)

HOW CAN WE USE THIS DISTINCTION IN THE CASE OF FASHION? ROLAND BARTH USES

THE DISTINCION BTW LANGUE AND PAROLE AND APPLIES THIS THEORY TO FASHION

ROLAND BART