Concetti Chiave
- The choice of grape variety and soil type is crucial for vineyards, with Vitis vinifera and Vitis lambrusca being notable species known for their specific characteristics and requirements.
- The winemaking process is seasonal, beginning with winter pruning and progressing through spring budding, summer growth, and autumn harvesting, influenced by factors like climate and grape type.
- Red wines are produced through fermentation of marc and must, while white wines require a distinct process including grape crushing and fermentation.
- Various wine types, including rosé, sparkling, and sweet wines, are defined by unique fermentation processes and contact with grape skins.
- Different oils, such as olive, sunflower, peanut, and hydrogenated oils, have specific origins and uses, with olive oil being notable for its Mediterranean roots and health benefits.
Indice
Grape and soil
There are many types of soil and grape variety. A vineyard must be situated in a full sunlight, in a well-drained soil because the water is most important for a soil. Also for the vineyard, it is not necessary that soil is fertile.Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera is a common grape wine, and has two species native from central Europe to northern Iran. Vitis vinifera is important because produces enough grapes. In addition, grapevines of v.vinifera require sun, medium water and a drainage.
Vitis lambrusca
Vistis lambrusca is an aromatic grape native to Canada. It is typically dark blue or purple and it is used for soft drinks
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Season
Winter: begin around November the vines are pruned after severally and manure is placed their base.Spring: is around April, the buds begin to break through the weeds are removed.
Summer: the grapes grow on the wines, the lease around them are pruned to allow most sun to reach grapes.
Autumn: is harvest season. The winemakers goes out to measure the sugar levels of the grapes to determine the optimum level.
Harvesting
Several factors depends the period for harvesting , like climate conditions, area of production, type of grape and type of wine to be obtained.We have 2 types of harvesting: manure and mechanical.
The first is the most important technique, but the most expensive because of the labor.
The second is most important like the first, but causes much damage to wines.
Wine making
Different types of wine require different quantities of sugar, acids and aromatic compounds.
Red wines
Red wines is obtained by mixing marc and must in fermentation. The phase of fermentation consist in conversion of the sugar and must into alcohol and last from 6-10 days.White wines
To obtained a white wine must do the basic step:
• Removal grapes stalks
• Grape crushing
• Cleaning
• Decantation
• Filtering
• Alcoholic fermentation
• Draining off
Rose wines
In the rose wine, the juice is in contact with the dark skins to pick up a pinkish colorSparkling wines
To obtain a sparkling wine, must do an additional fermentation.
Sweet wines
All the end to obtain a sweet wine, the fermentation only proceeds up to a certain except, than either steps stops naturally or it’s stopped artificially by the addiction of alcohol
Fermentation
The fermentation is divided in primary and secondary. In the primary fermentation, the yeasts convert the sugar contained in the grape juice into ethanol. In the secondary fermentation, the remaining sugars are converted into alcohol.
Oil
Olive oil is obtained from the olive of Mediterranean area where climate are wild and sung. Olive trees grow slowly and live very long, olive are harvested in late autumn. Al the end, the best olive is the extra-virgin.Sunflower oil
Originated in North America. Today it is grown worldwide, in Italy is cultivated in the central regions. Sunflowers gives oil extracted from seeds and it is used in food and cosmetics.Peanut oil
Peanut oil is organic material oil derived from peanuts. It is most commonly used when frying foods.Hydrogenated oil
Hydrogenated oil is and oil in which the essential fatty acids have been converted to a different chemical form which has several effects. He was realized that is products might have deleterious health effects.Domande da interrogazione
- ¿Cuál es la importancia del suelo y la variedad de uva en un viñedo?
- ¿Cómo varían las actividades en el viñedo según la estación del año?
- ¿Cuáles son los métodos de cosecha y sus características?
- ¿Qué pasos se deben seguir para obtener un vino blanco?
- ¿Qué aceites se mencionan y cuáles son sus usos principales?
Un viñedo debe estar en un suelo bien drenado y con plena luz solar, ya que el agua es crucial para el suelo. No es necesario que el suelo sea fértil. La variedad de uva, como Vitis vinifera, es importante porque produce suficientes uvas y requiere sol, agua media y buen drenaje.
En invierno, las vides se podan y se coloca estiércol en su base. En primavera, los brotes comienzan a romperse y se eliminan las malas hierbas. En verano, las hojas alrededor de las uvas se podan para permitir que el sol llegue a las uvas. En otoño, se mide el nivel de azúcar de las uvas para determinar el momento óptimo de cosecha.
Existen dos tipos de cosecha: manual y mecánica. La cosecha manual es la técnica más importante pero también la más costosa debido a la mano de obra. La cosecha mecánica es igualmente importante pero puede causar más daño a las vides.
Para obtener un vino blanco, se deben seguir los pasos básicos de eliminación de los tallos de las uvas, trituración de las uvas, limpieza, decantación, filtrado, fermentación alcohólica y drenaje.
Se mencionan el aceite de oliva, de girasol, de cacahuete y el aceite hidrogenado. El aceite de oliva se obtiene de las aceitunas y es mejor en su forma extra-virgen. El aceite de girasol se extrae de las semillas y se usa en alimentos y cosméticos. El aceite de cacahuete se usa comúnmente para freír alimentos. El aceite hidrogenado tiene efectos potencialmente perjudiciales para la salud.
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