Concetti Chiave
- The 1800s saw the presence of major empires like the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman, characterized by multi-ethnic compositions and struggles with national independence movements.
- The Eastern Question revolved around the declining Ottoman Empire's control over Balkan regions, leading to conflicts like the Crimean War, which involved major powers and had implications for Italian independence.
- Russia's 19th-century backwardness was marked by a predominantly agricultural economy and the persistence of serfdom, which was abolished in 1861 by Tsar Alexander II, who also initiated significant reforms.
- The Habsburg Empire faced decline due to pressures from emerging powers and internal nationalistic tensions, leading to the 1867 compromise with the Magyars and the creation of a dual monarchy structure.
- The Crimean War, resulting from Russian ambitions, highlighted the geopolitical importance of regions under Ottoman influence and marked the emergence of modern warfare tactics like trench warfare.
1. What it was the great empires of the 1800s and which characters they?
In the east-central part we have the presence of two great empires: the Austrian and Russian. While much of the Balkan peninsula is occupied by the Ottoman Empire. It is actually very different between them, which however have some common elements:
- Being political entities and therefore the vast multi-ethnic character
- The difficulties encountered in these empires contain national demands for independence of peoples and individuals
- The overall economic and political backwardness, the lags behind the development of the economy and the institutions of the major Western powers, France and England
2.
What it was the Eastern Question ?; as it appeared the Ottoman Empire? When and why the war broke out in the Crimea? As ended? Why it had great importance especially for Italy?Video Memo related
It is in the Balkans that opened the Eastern Question. This consisted in the issue of the political and military regions under the Ottoman Empire. The problem became more dramatic as the Empire itself was weakening and crumbling. This weakening resulted from backwardness empire, by its inability to hold its own against the Western powers. Consequently they became increasingly strong pressures for independence from the various nationalities subject to the domain turkish. It was in fact an area of great commercial and military importance. The first major conflict was born on this land was the Crimean War (1854-56), caused by the Russian attempt to seize the Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Britain and France rallied to the defense of Turkey, defeating Russia in a bloody conflict, in which he for the first time appeared the modern trench warfare. A small advantage it obtained also the Piedmont, thanks to its contribution could attend the congress of Paris posing the question of Italian independence.
3. How was characterized backwardness of Russia in the nineteenth century? What was the condition of the peasants? What events contributed to the abolition, in 1861, of serfdom? What reforms introduced Tsar Alexander II?
It was a fragile economic and organizational, even before the military. The Russian Empire was the largest state and most populous in the world, but was saddled with a heavy backwardness in all fields. The economy was almost exclusively agricultural, and 90% of the population lived in the countryside. Russia still dominated serfdom. They were forever linked to the land and how this could be sold and mortgaged; from the legal point of view, they were subject to the justice of the Lord. Among many intellectuals and statesmen came the idea that serfdom was the main cause of the backwardness of Russia. Among many doubts and resistance, was finally abolished by Tsar Alexander II in 1861 at the outset of his reign Alexander II followed a line of reform, other important measures were:
- The reduction of military service (which was a draw) from 25 to 16 years, and 6 years later
- Easing press censorship
- The creation of provincial and municipal elected assemblies, in which the nobility had a dominant role
- The reform of the judiciary, that unified the courts for all citizens
4. What was the situation of the Habsburg Empire? Which had repercussions on it unification Italian and German? What structure assumed in 1867?
The Habsburg Empire walked in the same year the first phase of a slow but steady decline. Austria was put in difficulty by the need to preserve prestige before emerging Prussian power and, at the same time, to maintain order by force between the nationalities of the empire. All operations that fared poorly: the Italian unification (1861), involved for Austria the loss of Lombardy and hegemony on the peninsula; German unity (1871) meant the marginalization within the Germanic. Meanwhile, dissatisfaction of Magyars, Bohemians, Slavs constituted a constantly open wound. In an attempt to solve or at least mitigate the problem of nationality, he shook the monarchy in 1867 a compromise with the strongest of these, the Magyars. The Empire, in essence, was divided into two kingdom ("dual monarchy"), with their own governments and parliaments but unified by the imperial and government ministries, key in common.
Domande da interrogazione
- Quali erano i grandi imperi del 1800 e quali caratteristiche avevano?
- Cos'era la Questione d'Oriente e quale importanza aveva per l'Italia?
- Come si caratterizzava l'arretratezza della Russia nel XIX secolo e quali riforme introdusse lo Zar Alessandro II?
- Qual era la situazione dell'Impero Asburgico e quali furono le conseguenze delle unificazioni italiana e tedesca?
- Quali eventi contribuirono all'abolizione della servitù della gleba in Russia?
Gli imperi principali erano l'Austriaco e il Russo, con l'Impero Ottomano che occupava gran parte della penisola balcanica. Erano entità politiche multi-etniche con difficoltà a contenere le richieste nazionali di indipendenza e caratterizzati da un arretramento economico e politico rispetto alle potenze occidentali come Francia e Inghilterra.
La Questione d'Oriente riguardava le regioni politiche e militari sotto l'Impero Ottomano, che si indeboliva e crollava. La Guerra di Crimea (1854-56) fu un conflitto importante, con la Russia sconfitta da Inghilterra e Francia. Il Piemonte ottenne un piccolo vantaggio partecipando al congresso di Parigi, sollevando la questione dell'indipendenza italiana.
La Russia era arretrata economicamente e organizzativamente, con un'economia prevalentemente agricola e il 90% della popolazione contadina. La servitù della gleba fu abolita nel 1861 da Alessandro II, che introdusse riforme come la riduzione del servizio militare, l'allentamento della censura e la creazione di assemblee elettive provinciali e municipali.
L'Impero Asburgico era in declino, messo in difficoltà dalla necessità di mantenere il prestigio e l'ordine tra le nazionalità. L'unificazione italiana comportò la perdita della Lombardia, mentre l'unità tedesca portò alla marginalizzazione dell'Austria. Nel 1867, l'Impero si divise in una "duplice monarchia" con governi e parlamenti propri.
L'idea che la servitù fosse la causa principale dell'arretratezza russa portò alla sua abolizione nel 1861 da parte di Alessandro II, nonostante dubbi e resistenze. Le riforme includevano anche la riduzione del servizio militare e la creazione di assemblee elettive, cercando di modernizzare il paese.
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