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EU tackles the employment and social dimension of the economic and financial crisis, the EU has responded positively, not just in addressing the financial and economic problems but in dealing with the adverse employment consequences that have affected the everyday life of its citizens.

Access to European social fund has been simplified in order to support workers, made redundant: tackling unemployment and boosting quality in work are major concerns for EU citizens.

Flexicurity: it is an integrated strategy that promotes a combination of flexible labour markets, work organisation and labour relations and a high level of employment security.

Flexicurity involves an ‘employment security’ mentality: the EU promotes conditions for you to be able to adapt to change, enter or stay on the job market more easily, and make progress in your working life.

Restructuring: it’s a permanent feature in economic life; the EU looks to anticipate change and to help prepare workers, regions and business for managing the restructuring process.

Skills increase your employability and your social mobility, they are your best insurance against the risk of unemployment and they are an important factor in promoting personal development and full participation in society.

Green Jobs - jobs linked to the quality of environment (jobs related to various forms of renewable energy (wind, solar, tidal, bio-mass))

Rights at Work

Minimum legal standards of EU have helped to ensure that EU and national markets are open and competitive, that workers are informed and consulted about major changes of their working life, and that they have choice about their types of work contracts.

Keeping workers safe and healthy has been a central concern.

The adoption and application of directives has helped both improve working conditions and reduce health and of occupational accidents and illnesses.

Labour Law = EU has adopted legislation setting minimum labour standards.

Investing in Children's Services

Childhood is a critical period for preparing future generations to be social, productive, healthy and happy. This years are crucial to people's impact on adult's social, economic and labour outcomes.

In 2013, the EU Commission published the recommendation "Investing in Children," which presents Member States with policy guidance on children's policies around three pillars:

1. Access to resources
2. Access to quality services
3. Child participation

It recognizes 5 types of services:

1. Reducing inequality
2. Improving education system's impact on equal opportunities
3. Improving the responsiveness of health systems to address the needs of disadvantaged children
4. Providing children with a safe, adequate housing
5. Family support and quality of care settings

Between 2013 and 2015, ESN has been working with a number of agencies to map the implementation of children's services in 14 EU countries.

This report consists of:

1. Introduction to the methodology and European context
2. Summary of trends in children's services across Europe
3. Description of the situation of 14 countries
4. Cross-country comparison of key issues in children
5. Key issues in children's services per country

(6) EXPANDING THE ROLE OF CHILDREN IN CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM

IN MANY COUNTRIES, CHILDREN ARE ENTITLED TO BE REPRESENTED IN LEGAL PROCEDURES AFFECTING THEM BY AN INDEPENDENT REPRESENTATIVE.

CHILDREN ABOVE A CERTAIN AGE, MUST BE INFORMED, BE HEARD AND BE CONSULTED TO OBTAIN THEIR CONSENT FOR ANY SUPPORT MEASURE FOR THEM.

THESE CHILDREN ARE PLACED IN A FOSTER FAMILY ONLY FOR A SHORT TIME OR SOMETIMES THEY ARE MOVED FROM ONE FAMILY TO ANOTHER. BECAUSE OF THIS CHILDREN MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY IN THE FOSTER FAMILY.

PROBLEMS IN FAMILIES

CHILD ABUSE

THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF ABUSE. THERE ARE PHYSICAL ABUSE THAT PRODUCES THE "BATTERED-CHILD-SYNDROME". IN THIS CASE A CHILD'S GROWTH IS TRUMATIZED BY CRUEL PHYSICAL TREATMENT. MOREOVER, THERE ARE SEXUAL AND EMOTIONALLY ABUSE. OFTEN THEY GO UNRECOGNIZED FOR MANY YEARS BECAUSE THE FAMILY TRIES TO KEEP SECRET OR BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE DON'T BELIVE IN IT. VICTIMS OF THIS ABUSE OFTEN HAVE DEPRESSION, OUTBURSTS OF HOSTILITY AND ANGER AS ADULTS. INCEST IS A FORM OF CHILD ABUSE WHERE THE PARENT OR PARENT-LIKE FIGURE HAS SEXUAL CONTACT WITH THE CHILD. THE SHAME AND GUILT INFLUENCE ON THE CHILD'S PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT.

ANOTHER MALTREATMENT IS CHILD NEGLECT: THEIR PARENT RARELY TOUCH, TALK OR PLAY WITH THEM.

FINALLY, MANY CHILDHOOD ACCIDENTS WHICH ARE THE LEADING CAUSES OF CHILDHOOD DEATH.

The Third Part

Local authority support for children and families means family support. Every local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and to promote the upbringing of children by providing a range of services.

A child is in need when services for child's health and development aren't promoted.

Local authorities have a duty to consult these children and take into account their support to them with advice, counseling, cultural and social activities, home help.

Children's and Parents' Rights

Section 1 of Children Act states that the child's welfare is a fundamental concept for upbringing. In all actions concerning children, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child).

The parents have rights too: the right to respect private and family life (an environment for the protection of human rights).

Sometimes children's rights and parents' rights are in conflict, so the UN Convention on the Rights of a Child gives clarity: states undertake to ensure protection and care of the child, taking into account the rights of his parents. Important is parental responsibility that gives them the right to raise their child.

Sometimes it was called custody, but in Britain custody simply refers to the right each parent has to have the child living with them. In English law, it cannot be resolved, but it can be shared with state.

Physical Abuse

Signs are hit, struck, bruises, cuts, bones, burns.

• Sexual Abuse
• Physical Abuse
• Neglect

Disinterest, difficulties to maintain friendships, social isolation, anxiety, insecurity, suicide, poor hygiene, self-criticism, feelings of guilt.

Foster Care (Fostering)

A child lives in a family-like arrangement with foster parents (or carer).

• There are also relative care
• Foster Care
  • There are specialist foster carers
  • Foster parents are paid people who receive a foster care allowance as payment
  • The trend is for children to experience a sense of belonging and stability