Riassunto per l'esame Lingua Inglese per la Psicologia + esercizi con soluzioni, prof.ssa Doerr

VOCABULARY

Autistic: affected by a mental disorder which inhibits social interaction, communication and emotional development

Psychotic: affected by a mental illness which is characterized by delusions, hallucinations and losing touch with reality

Deranged (or unhinged): insane

Lunatic: mentally ill or used to indicate someone who is affected by drastic mood swings

Retarded: a very derogatory term for people with learning difficulties or brain and/or physical disabilities if not used specifically in a medical sense

Psychoanalytical: Freud's theory and therapy

Psychodynamic: refers to both Freud's theories and those of his followers. In contrast to behavioral psychology, psychodynamic psychology ignores the trappings of science and instead focuses on trying to get "inside the head" of individuals in order to make sense of their relationships, experiences and how they see the world.

Id (= it): represents our inherited (= biological) and unconscious wishes (aggression = Thanatos and...

con significati opposti (es. caldo, freddo; alto, basso)with opposite meanings (ex. male/female, healthy/sick) Hypernyms: general word for a set of words (ex. diseases may be infectious, congenital, hereditary) Linked words: words pertaining to a common semantic category (ex. young, teenage, in his/her 20's, adult, old...) Cognitive development: refers to how a person perceives, thinks and gains understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors Scaffolding: refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process (Vygotsky: teacher should provide scaffolding) Memory: the mental capacity to encode, store and retrieve information Short-term memory: the initial memory stage in which information is held in consciousness for about 10 to 20 seconds Long-term memory: the final phase of memory in which information storage may last from hours to a lifetime Declarative memory: memory forinformation such as facts and events Iconic memory: sensory memory in the visual domain Procedural memory: memory for performing skilled actions (e.g. driving a car) Working memory: the structures and processes used for temporarily storing and manipulating information Personality: is the "relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which distinguish them from other people, making them unique, but which at the same time allow people to be compared with each other." Self-efficacy: a person's belief in his or her ability to succeed in a particular situation. It emphasizes the role of observational learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in the development of personality Trait theory: according to this theory, personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is basically a relatively consistent characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways Humanism: emphasizes the importance of free will and individual experience, in other

wordsof the individual, in the development of personality

Self-actualization: refers to a person's desire for self-fulfillment, i.e., the tendency for him or her to become actualized in what he or she is potentially

Situationalism: a theory that holds that personality is influenced more by external factors and situations than by internal traits or motivation

Digressions: stories or anecdotes that the lecturer uses to move away from a main point

Abuse: the continued use of something despite adverse consequences

Addiction: the condition of being addicted to something (the person suffering from such a condition is called an "addict")

Compulsion: an irresistible desire to do something

Dependency/dependence: the state of needing something so much that it is not possible to function without it

Obsession: an overpowering, repetitive thought, action or feeling

Disorder: an ailment that affects the function of mind or body (ex. eating disorder, mental disorder)

Relapse: return to a previous

state or behaviour pattern after recovering

Salience: importance or relevance

Substance: material or chemical composition; psychoactive drug

Withdrawal: the removal or discontinuation of something that entails symptoms following the cessation of a dependence

ESP: extra-sensory perception = reception and comprehension of information that is sensed with the mind and not the senses (telepathy, clairvoyance, "sixth sense", intuition)

PP: parapsychology or psi phenomena = (alongside psychology) pseudoscience that studies paranormal psychic phenomena (telepathy, reincarnation, precognition, apparitions)

REG: random event generator = devices that use quantum indeterminate electronic noise and have been placed around the world in order to computistically determine when an extraordinary event is about to happen

EE: experimenter effect = any subtle cues or signals from an experimenter that affect the performance or response of subjects in an experiment (psi-conductive or psi-inhibitory)

RV: remote

viewing = the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using unconventional means like extra-sensory perception (ESP) or "sensing with mind" OBE: out-of-body experience = experience in which the "physical body" and "subtle body" are separated PK: parakinesis = relating to the movement of people and objects through abnormal means Ganzfeld (entire field) = experiment procedure that produces mild sensory deprivation Sixth sense = intuition, ability to perceive events that are not evident through normal means Séance = meeting that has the aim of contacting the dead (a) Medium = person who is sensitive to the presence of spirits (the) Supernatural = phenomena that are not part of or subject to the laws of nature Ghostbusters = comedy series about a company that trapped and removed hostile ghosts Déjà vu = sensation one has of already having lived or known a particular experience that is happening at the moment Psychiatric

Disorders may be:

• Organic: due to organic brain disease (ex. dementia)
• Functional: no obvious pathology or anatomical change (ex. substance abuse, affective disorder, neurotic, stress-related disorders, behavioural syndromes)

Difference between:

• Affect: used for temporary emotions, expressed through manner of speaking and behaving and appearance
• Mood: more permanent emotional state (ex. depression)

Common psychiatric disorders:

• Delusion: firmly held belief which is wrong but not open to argument
• Dementia: significant mental deterioration due to physical changes in the brain
• Disorientation: mental confusion about time, place, language or identity
• Hallucination: apparently normal perceptions which happen without the appropriate stimulus
• Illusion: misinterpretation of real stimuli
• Obsessional compulsions: stereotyped ideas, thoughts or impulses that a person cannot resist

IMPORTANT NOTIONS

How to report sources to not commit plagiarism

(depending on the type of source its referencing changes): - Bibliography and list of references/sources at end of essay or research - Quotes in the author's words (with indication of source) - Reporting the author's thoughts (with indication of source) - Paraphrasing (with indication of the source) When writing a bibliography, it is important to distinguish between: - Monographic books (book on a topic written by one or more authors) Last name of author(s), Initial of name of authors (year of publication). Title of book. Place of publishing, Publishing house. GREGORY, R. J., & POFFEL, S. A. (1985). START: Stimulus and response tools for experiments in memory, learning, cognition, and perception. Iowa City, IA: Conduit. - Edited books (collection of essays) or anthologies Last name of author(s), Initial of name of author(s) (year of publication) in Initial of name of editor (Ed(s).), Title of volume or collection (p. or pp.). Place of publication, Publishing house. Lewin, K. (1999).

Personal adjustment and group belongingness [1941]. In M. Gold (Ed.)(2004), A Kurt Lewin reader: The complete social scientist (pp. 327–332). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Original work published 1941)

BUTLER, D. L. (1988). Selection of software in the instructional laboratory. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 20, pp. 175-177.

Lee, C. (2013). How to Cite an Anthology or Collected Works. Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/09/how-to-citean-anthology-or-collected-works.html

When directly referring to a specific assertion you can:

1. Quote it directly or word by word (words are

Methods of quoting:

1. Quote it directly (enclosing the statement in quotation marks and mentioning the source, with year and page number, is mentioned);
2. Quote it indirectly (reporting the statement and mentioning the source afterwards with the year of publication);
3. Paraphrase, i.e. restate or rewrite a sentence, in a very different manner (about 65-70% difference). Mention the work when paraphrasing something from a source.

Methods of paraphrasing:

1. Use a synonym of a word or phrase;
2. Change negative to positive and vice versa;
3. Change the order of information;
4. Change from active to passive or vice versa;
5. Use a replacement subject (ex. Language acts as an interface between individuals → people use language to communicate);
6. Use discourse/stance markers and academic phraseology (ex. A final example of the influence of both scientists on teaching approaches is the rel