Language Portfolio, Lingua Inglese

LANGUAGE PORTFOLIO

PAOLA MERO

CONTENTS

1. Grammar topics

1.1 The present continuous

1.2 The conditionals

1.3 Relative clauses

1.4 The passive

2. Business topics

2.1 Marketing

2.2 Advertising

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1.1 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Form

The present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and the pre-

sent participle (-ing form) of a verb.

Use

We use the present continuous:

to talk about events which are in progress at the moment of speaking;

• to talk about temporary states which are true around the moment of speaking;

• to describe actions which are repeated or regular, but which we believe to be tem-

• porary;

to talk about a gradual change;

• with adverbs of indefinite frequency like always, constantly, continually and forever to

• describe events which are regular but not planned, and often not wanted;

to refer to the future when we talk about plans and arrangements that have already

• been made.

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Ex n.1 Make correct sentences using the present continuous.

1. “Where’s Tom?” - “He (play) tennis with Sarah”.

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2. “Have you written the letter?” - “No, I (write) it now”.

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3. She (not do) her homework, she (read) a book.

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4. They (work) at the moment?

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5. Let’s go out! It (not rain).

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6. I don’t like your friends, they always (complain).

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7. My brother (not wait) for the bus, he (go) on foot.

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8. At the moment we (plan) our future work.

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9. She (see) her grandparents next weekend?

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10. Why they (not do) their homework?

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Ex n.2 Order these words to make correct sentences in the present continuous.

1. glasses. for my looking I'm

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2. are What of kind book you reading?

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3. is Why crying? Pamela

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4. economics studying is Kharkov Paul University. National at

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5. everyone laughing? is Why

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6. you for me? waiting Are

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7. leaving? When are you

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8. Arabia is at the moment. in Saudi John working

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9. the you? company for Is as working same Jennifer

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10. do Saturday come? a want having to next I'm - party you

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1.2 THE CONDITIONALS

There are four basic conditionals that we use in English:

1. Zero Conditional

2. First Conditional

3. Second Conditional

4. Third Conditional

Zero Conditional: certainty

The zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met.

We use the present simple both for the condition and for the result.

First Conditional: a real possibility in the future

A first conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future

action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action be-

ing satisfied.

We use the present simple for the condition and the future with will for the result.

Second Conditional: imaginary present or unlikely future

The second conditional can be used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we

are imagining something different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk

about things in the future that are unlikely to happen, as the condition is unlikely to be

met.

We use the past simple in the condition part and the conditional with would for the result.

Third Conditional: imaginary past

The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining some-

thing different from what actually happened, that means for imaginary past actions,

where the conditions for the action were not satisfied.

We use the past perfect for the condition and the conditional with would have for the result.

Ex.1 Finish the sentences with a clause in the correct conditional.

1. If it is sunny tomorrow_______________________________________________________

2. If you sit in the sun too long __________________________________________________

3. If I were you ________________________________________________________________

4. If I were the Prime Minister ___________________________________________________

5. If she had studied harder _____________________________________________________

6. If I won the lottery __________________________________________________________

7. If I hadn’t gone to bed so late _________________________________________________

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8. If I hadn’t come to London ___________________________________________________

9. If you mix water and electricity _______________________________________________

10. If she hadn’t stayed at home __________________________________________________

11. If I go out tonight ___________________________________________________________

12. If I were on holiday today ____________________________________________________

13. If I had listened to my mother _________________________________________________

14. If I hadn’t eaten so much _____________________________________________________

15. If it rains later _______________________________________________________________

16. If I were British _____________________________________________________________

17. If I were the opposite sex _____________________________________________________

18. If I have enough money ______________________________________________________

19. If you don’t wear a coat in the winter __________________________________________

20. If I weren’t studying English __________________________________________________

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1.3 RELATIVE CLAUSES

We use relative clauses when we want to supply additional information without having to

start a whole new sentence. In English, there are two types of relative clauses:

defining clauses that are used without commas because they give necessary infor-

• mation to complete the meaning of the sentence;

non-defining clauses which are set off by commas because they provide extra in-

• formation.

Relative clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

If a verb comes directly after the relative pronoun, then this is a subject pronoun.

• If there is no verb directly after the relative pronoun, then this is an object pronoun;

• this can be left off in non-defining clauses.

relative pronouns use

who as subject or object for people

which as subject or object for animals and things

whose possession/belonging for people, animals, and things

quite formal, as object for people, especially in non-defining rela-

whom tive clauses

as subject or object for people, animals, and things in defining

that clauses

If we are using the relative pronouns with a preposition, this usually comes at the end of

the relative clause in English.

relative adverbs use

which refers to the entire clause

when refers to a time

where refers to a place

why refers to a reason

Ex n.1 Complete these sentences with a suitable relative pronoun or adverb.

1. That is the man ___________ helped me when I fell down in the street.

2. Is that your car? No, mine is the one ___________ is parked just opposite the bank.

3. That is the woman ___________ complained about the room service.

4. This is the park ___________ we first met. Do you remember?

5. So, James is the man ___________ son came on the school trip with us? I didn't know.

6. If you have any question, ask the girl ___________ is standing at the desk. She'll help

you.

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7. They had to put away the dog ___________ bit the boy. It was too dangerous.

8. I'm looking for a person ___________ surname begins with a "k".

9. Do you still go to that pub ___________ we used to go as students?

10. The heating is not working. Do you know anyone ___________ can fix it?

Ex n.2 Combine the sentences.

1. My holiday in Ibiza was wonderful. I first met Jenny then.

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2. There’s the girl. I was telling you about her.

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3. That was the day. They got married then.

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4. The diamond necklace has been found by the police. It was stolen last week.

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5. That’s the café. I meet my friends there.

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6. This is the film. I’ve been waiting to see it for ages.

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7. Have you met the girl? She’s going out with Ted.

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8. The new club plays great music. Jamie works there.

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9. My friend Isabel wants to do media studies. Her father is a TV presenter.

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10. These are the trainers. I bought them yesterday.

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1.4 THE PASSIVE

Form

The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the

verb 'to be' + the past participle of the verb in question.

Use

We use the passive form:

when we want to change the focus of the sentence;

• when who or what causes the