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The Royal Society and the Evolution of Scientific Language
The Royal Society, founded in 1660 by scholars, including John Wallis and John Wilkins, still exists today. It served as a point of reference and exchange for different people's views. The society had a strong intellectual need and aimed to spread new discoveries and a new approach to scientific research based on observation. This required a process of linguistic adaptation, reorganization, and renewal. There was a new conception of scientific language and an awareness of its distinctive character. John Locke, in his book "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690), expressed his awareness of one of the distinctive features of scientific lexicon: non-arbitrariness. Intellectual debate on language was also prevalent during this time. Ralph Lever, in 1573, argued that there are more things than words to express them. The Royal Society took a great interest in language, with John Wilkins establishing a committee in 1664 for the improvement of the English language. Although there were no material results, it encouraged the publication of scientific works in English.Robert Hooke, 1665: Micrographia Philosofical Transaction1665: foundation of scientific journal, ,…
Language use in scienceSince the foundation of the Pholosophical Transaction manyscholars decided to publish their works in English to “divulge -or, rather, “popularize” - knowledgeOED ……
Latter part of XVII centuryLatin still persisted although some works were published in thevernacular languages…
Scientific publications in EnglishEarly stages of the new course: popular works, encyclopedias,textbooksOriginal science started to be published in English only in thend2 half of the XVII century:Newton published the [Philosophiae Naturalis] Principia[Mathematica] (1687) in Latin, but his later work Opticks (1704)in English. Of ColoursHANDOUT 01 - NEWTON -After Newton lots of works contributed to develop scientificEnglish.…
view slidesMercoledì, 16/11/2011The development of U.S. American CultureStereotypes = generalizations applied
across the universe
Beliefs = things we consider true
Culture = a learned set of shared perceptions about values, beliefs, and norms that affects the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
- culture is LEARNED (consciously/unconsciously)
- culture is a SET OF SHARED PERCEPTIONS
- culture involves VALUES, BELIEFS and NORMS
- culture affects BEHAVIORS (implicit patterns)
- culture involves LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE
U.S. American culture centers on six themes:
- low context (emphasis on verbal communication)
- monochronic time orientation - importance of task accomplishment; polychromic = more things in the same time
- high individualism (versus collectivism) - I come first (vs. you come first) except for family members
- low power distance - if you want to have power you have to earn it, you're not given power simply because who you are or where you come from
- high masculinity (versus femininity)
- low uncertainty avoidance
Lunedì 21/11/2011
Special cases
In some cases a new Latinate word
- was introduced and the oldword maintained, often Wight different meaning:
- Ray à ray of sun vs. radius à radius of a circle
- Count à counting vs. compute à calculate
- Gender = male vs. female vs. genus = genus in biological classification
- Probe = explore; prove = check, demonstrate
- Plasy/Paralysis = paralisi
- Some of the Latin words borrowed had in turn been borrowed from Arabic or from Ancient Greek
- SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL LEXICON
- LSPs: distinctive characteristics
- Specific vocabulary-terminology
- Grammar: not subject to special rules
- But tendency to give preference to certain features which are used with abnormal frequency, e.g. nominal constructions, passive voice …
- Non arbitrariness of scientific lexicon
- While in ordinary language use no single individual has the power to introduce a new word, this happens regularly in specialised discourse (nessun rapporto di necessità tra
redetermination
Mainly through a metaphorical shift
Typical of hard sciences: physics, mathematics - abstract terms
Easy words from ordinary language, mostly created in the early stages of the development …
Word formation
Ad hoc formation of new words
Mercoledì 23/11/2011
Lunedì 28/11/2011
Reading Handout 02
Lexico-grammatical features of specialized discourse
Special languages do not have a special grammar; rather: “a typical syndrome of grammatical features”
Nominalization
Instead of verb forms, de-verbal nouns as nomina actions
Colligations of nominal forms i.e. recurrent syntactic “collocations”
- nomen actionis + adverbial complement
Effects of nominalization
20/02/2012
Lunedì 27/02/2012
DOMAIN-SPECIFIC DISCOURSE AND POPULARIZATION IN ENGLISH: SCIENCE, ECONOMICS, POLITICS
The popularization of scientific knowledge: an introduction
WHY POPULARIZATION?
People need to understand science and technology for the everyday life- All personal culture is not
Complete if we don't have notions in modern science, it is part of our heritage - we do need a sound knowledge because we want to have a profession and work in today's world.
DISSEMINATION OF SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE
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