Inglese 2

It is a non-fictional narrative. 47

PPs: prepositional phrases.

In the descriptive text we have more adjective and detailed information. 48

Lesson 15: 49

NPs: noun phrases – AdjPs: adjectival phrases 50

51

There is also the cataphora “it” which can point to Nike or just buy or be powerful etc. There also

the directive aims to persuasion.

Lesson 16: 52

53

54

Lesson 17: 55

Lesson 18: 56

There is a first topic sentence at the beginning and then the next couple of sentences were

semantically related to it through thematic progression, through noun phrases therefor lexical

cohesion, and if you analyse this paragraph there is a relationship between the topic sentence and

between the supporting sentences and ideas. So, it can be a task in the exam. 57

The correct answer is B because A and C are both Wh-cleft but the question doesn’t request wh-

cleft.

Here there is a complex theme because we have “and” so we have to include the entire noun phrase

that function as subject and therefor theme, it’s the hall participant. Everything else is the rheme.

Though is functions like however, it’s concessive.

Simple linear progression.

Essentialize – essentialist, lexical scatter. Virulent - viruses is another semantic field. 58

A is the correct one because the noun phrases “newspapers that…raging hormones” is the topical

theme and the rest is rheme. 59

1° Tutorial: 29/10/2020 60

Rewrite the following sentences. Make other changes that may be necessary but do not change

the meaning of each sentence.

1. He was preparing with full enthusiasm for IAS Examination.

Preparation of his IAS examination was full of enthusiasm. / was going on full of enthusiasm.

2. We have an obligation to do our best.

We are obliged to do our best.

3. Latest intimation on the capture of the suspect was given to media. (we’ve a passive structure so

we’ve to make it active, and the media is the receiver of the action)

The media was intimidated about the latest news on the capture of the suspect.

4. His resignation was not accepted by the Governor.

When he resigned, it was not accepted by the Governor.

5. Closure time of the market has been shortened by one hour.

The market will (be) close one hour earlier.

6. The animals were kept in the enclosure to keep them safe from outside disturbances.

The animals were enclosed to keep them safe from outside disturbances. / The animals were

enclosed to save them from outside disturbances.

7. The failure to file IT Returns may lead to fine and punishment.

If you fail to file IT returns you may be fined and punished.

8. Today’s young generation is not pleased by reading a book or novel.

It is not a pleasure to read a book or novel for today’s young generation. / Reading a book or

novel is not a pleasure for today’s young generation.

9. This enactment of the new law required a referendum in the entire state.

To enact the new law a referendum in the entire state was needed. / To enact the new law a

request of a referendum in the entire state was needed.

10. The trade fair attracts thousands of visitors from all over India.

The trade fair is an attraction for thousands of visitors from all over India. / The attraction of

trade fair results in thousands of visitors to the fair from all over India. / The trade fair causes

attraction of thousands of visitors from all over India.

11. His actions are a matter of serious concern.

How he acts is a matter of serious concern. / His actions concern seriously everyone around

him. 61

12. Please do not insist upon my being present in the party tomorrow.

Please do not insist upon my presence in the party tomorrow.

13. He was well rewarded for his excellence as a voice-trainer in the company.

He got a reward for excelling as a voice-trainer in the company. / He was well paid because

he excelled as a voice-trainer.

14. How he performs in this competitive exam will make a great difference.

His performance in this competitive exam will make a great difference.

15. The student was not permitted to sit for examination due to very low attendance.

The student didn’t receive the permission to sit for the examination because he attended very

few classes.

16. He does not intend to leave the company.

He has no intention of leaving the company.

Identify the co-referential pronouns, the types of reference and the referents in the following

texts

Endophoric reference: related to something inside, it can be expressed by anaphora e cataphora

Anaphora: refers to something before in the text – Cataphora: precedes his referent.

Concerning cataphora we have a situational and cultural references:

- Deixis I and You dynamics so we have a speaker and hearer outside the text but also other

elements, for example: an immediate situation.

- Homophora refers to our general knowledge or a feature of one specific national culture.

For example, the primer minister of Italy… The queen… (so we understand that we have a

monarchy in this country).

Exophoric reference: related to something outside.

From Mary: a Fiction by Mary Wollstonecraft

Some of the people offered to conduct them (deixis) into the church, where there was a fine organ

playing; Mary followed them, but Ann preferred staying with a nun she (anaphora) had entered into

conversation with.

One of the nuns, who had a sweet voice, was singing; Mary was stuck with awe: her (anaphora)

heart joined in the devotion; and tears of gratitude and tenderness flowed from her (anaphora)

eyes. My Father, I thank thee=you (deixis)! Burst from her – words were inadequate to express her

feelings. Silently, she (anaphora) surveyed the lofty dome; heard unaccustomed sounds; and saw

faces, strange ones, that she could not yet greet with fraternal love. 62

rd

Be careful: the 3 person singular is part of the text, not a deictic element (whereas I and You

represent deixis par excellence).

From The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins

Miss Halcomb showed me (deixis), by a look, that she (anaphora) understood, and put the question

as soon as the dairymaid returned to us (deixis). "Oh yes, miss, I (deixis) mentioned that (deixis

refers to the knowledge of the speaker),” said the girl simply. "The company coming, and the

accident to the brindled cow, to take to the farm, was all the news I had “

"Did you (deixis) mention names? Did you (deixis) tell them (deixis) that Sir Percival Glyde was

expected on Monday?"

"Yes, miss-I (deixis) told them (deixis) Sir Percival Glyde was coming. I (deixis) hope there was no

harm in it-I (deixis) hope I (deixis) didn't do wrong."

"Oh no, no harm. Come, Mr. Hartright, Hannah will begin to think us in the way, if we interrupt her

(anaphora) any longer over her (anaphora) work."

We (deixis) stopped and looked at one another the moment we were alone again.

"Is there any doubt in your (deixis) mind, now, Miss Halcomb?"

"Sir Percival Glyde shall remove that doubt, Mr. Hartright-or Laura Fairlie shall never be his

(anaphora) wife." 63

2° Tutorial: 05/12/2020

Non-structural devices do not depend on the order of the clause but they create lexical or syntactic

links among the parts of a clause, for example thematic structure, thematic progression in a

structure of device because it depends on structure of a sentence.

- Ellipsis avoid repetitions creating cohesion and the element avoided is recoverable from

the co-text or from the social context. Typical future of dialogues and sentences.

- Substitution avoid repetition replacing the recoverable information with a proforma. It

substitutes an entity but with another entity of the same type. For example: I buy an

umbrella. Get one to me too, please. So the hero should buy another umbrella so the object

is the same but we have two umbrellas.

- Conjunction see lesson 12.

Ellipsis

●

Choose the correct answer.

1. Harry did his homework, even though he (didn’t want/didn’t want to)

2. She said she could use a computer but it was obvious that she (couldn’t use/couldn’t)

3. We can't repair your car today but (we can/we can repair) tomorrow

4. You don't work as hard as (you do/you should)

5. I don't know if I'll pass all my exams but I (I hope/I hope to)

6. Although I could have gone to university, I (haven’t/didn’t)

7. Simon broke his brother's computer but he didn't (mean to/mean to break)

8. She should get a job but she (didn’t/won’t)

Leave out the appropriate word/s to avoid repetition

1. He should go to the doctor, but he doesn’t want to go to the doctor.

2. I’ve told him to do it, but he won’t do it.

3. ‘Don’t you think it will rain?’ ‘It might rain but I’m not sure it will rain.

4. They didn’t visit us, although we’d been hoping they would visit us.

5. We went fishing but (co-ordinate conjunction) we didn’t catch anything.

6. ‘They all left’ ‘No, Jack hasn’t left ‘

7. You didn’t get hurt, but you might have get hurt.

8. ‘Have you done the dishes?’ ‘No, I’m going to do the dishes ‘

9. You must earn more or you must spend less.

10. He told us to shut up, but we said we wouldn’t shut up. 64

● Substitution

Avoid repetitions in the following sentences.

1. They decided to drive to the picnic. Deciding to drive to the picnic was a mistake as they got

stuck in a traffic jam.

They decided to drive to the picnic but it was a mistake as they got stuck in a traffic jam.

2. We need some eggs. If you see eggs in the market, could you get some eggs?

We need some eggs. If you see them/any in the supermarket, could you get some?

3. The picture quality in the new camera is far better than the picture quality in the old camera.

The picture quality in the new camera is far better than the that in the old one.

4. ‘It’s on the table’. ‘Which table? The table in the kitchen or the table in the sitting room?’

‘It’s on the table’. ‘Which one? That/one in the kitchen or the other/one in the sitting room?’

5. ‘I’m going to resign’. ‘I wouldn’t resign if I were you’.

‘I’m going to resign’. ‘I wouldn’t do that if I were you’.

6. We’re getting a bonus. The boss said we were getting a bonus at the meeting.

We’re getting a bonus. The boss said so/that/it at the meeting.

7. I’m on my way to the office now. I’ll call you when I get to the office.

I’m on my way to the office now. I’ll call you when I get there.

8. I’ll know the answer tonight, so I’ll let you know tonight.

I’ll know the answer tonight, so I’ll let you know then.

9. ‘Have you got enough chairs?’. ‘Yes. We’v