Grammatica inglese

F)EXPECTATION

When something will happen we use SHOULD + OUGHT TO + BE LIKELY TO

G)UNCERTAINITY

We use MAY, MIGHT, COULD. The meaning is perhaps

H) PROBABILITY IN THE PAST modal verb + have + past participle



-certainty sogg + will+ have + past participle



-deduction must + have + past participles



-expectation should + have+ past participle



QUESTIONS

-INDIRECT QUESTIONS do you know? Could i ask? Could you tell me?



-what …for is used to ask about a purpose. The meaning is why



-what…like? is used to aks something is good or bad. The maening is how



-QUESTION TAGS is a short phrase at the end of the statement that turn sit into a



question

Es. you went to the conference, didn’t you?

It is used to request information + confirmations + attack + defence

***if the main verb in the statement is HAVE, you make the tag with DO.

***if have is the auxiliary verb, you male the tag with HAVE

***the tag with let’s is SHALL

CONDITIONALS

-ZERO CONDITIONAL something that is ALWAYS TRUE.



IF + PRESENT PRESENT/IMPERATIVE



Es. if you don’t get the best people into the company, your reputation suffers

Es. if interest rates are rising, bank loans become more expensive.

Es. when you’ve finished the course, they give you a certificate

-FIRST CONDITIONAL something that is likely to happen in the future.



IF + PRESENT WILL + INFINITIVE



Es. if you increase your order, we’ll give you a bigger discount

Es. if you’re meeting her at three, l’ll jion you later at about four

-SECOND CONDITIONAL something that is imaginary or unlikely in the future



IF + PAST WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + INFINITIVE



Es. if i worked for AMC, i’d get a better salay

Es. if you were still working fro amc, you could help me with my application form

Es. if i was more organized, i’d create folders and subfolders forall my word docs.

Es. if i were you, i’d wait until Tomorrow

NB UNLESS = IF NOT



if he doesn’t arrive soon, he’ll miss the flight

unless he arrives soon, he’ll miss the flight

-THIRD CONDITIONAL to talk about past evets that are different to what really



happened

IF + PAST PERFECT WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE



Es. if sales had increased last quarted, my would have been happier

Es. if the economic situation had been better, we would’t have lost so many customers

Es. if i’d done an mba, i think i’d have had more opportunities in my career.

***when past events possibily happened we use just the normal tenses.

If you missed the tv programme last night, you can borrow the dvd i made

*** we use if for something that might happen in the future. We use when for

something that we know will happen. (i’ll call you if i get a chance VS i’ll call you when

i arrive)

***we use if/when/whenever when something is every time whenever i dialer



number, it goes to voice mail

***in normal speech we sometimes use IMMAGINE OR SUPPOSING in place of if

immagine you had a million dollars. How would you invest it?

***we can use provided that, providing, on conditional that, as long as, so log as WHEN

THE MEANING IS IF ONLY IF as long as you’re happy with all the clauses, i’ll send you



a pdf of the final contract.

-WISH FORM is used to express regret or disstisfaction. This is like a conditional



because we can replace wish with if only.

FOR PRESENT AND FUTURE WISH IS FOLLOWED BY PAST SIMPLE OR

 CONTINUOUS

(I wish I was eighteen)

FOR PAST WISH IS FOLLOWED BY PAST PERFECT



(I wish we had done more direct marketing)

If wish is something positive use HOPE follone by the present simple or will

 

(i hope your presentation goes well)

If wish is about doing something that is dificult or impossibile use I WISH I

 

COULD

VERB-ING

Some verbs are follone by an -ING FORM

SAYING AND THINKING Admit, consider, deny, imagine, This verbs can also be followed by

mention, suggest THAT

describe

LIKING AND DISLINKING Not mind This verbs can also be followed by

THAT

Dislike, enjiy, fancy, resent

PHRASES WITH CAN’T Can’t bear, can’t help, can’t

resist, can’t face, can’t stand

OTHER COMMON VERBS Avoid, delay finish, involve, keep, I look forward to

miss, postpone, practise, risk I got used to

COMMON PHRASES Spend/waste time

It’s not worth

It’s not use/good

There’s no point in

VERB + TO + INFINITIVE This verbs can also be followed by

PLANS AND DECISIONS Aim, arrange, choose, intend THAT

prepare

Decide, plan

Demand, expect, hope, wish

EXPETATIONS Deserve, want would like This verbs can also be followed by

THAT

PROMISES AND REFUSALS fail, guarantee, offer,

guarantee, threaten

promise This verbs can also be followed by

THAT

OTHER COMMON VERBS can/can’t affar, manage,tend,

train, wait This verbs can also be followed by

agree, learn, pretend, seem THAT

REMEMBER/ FORGET + ING FORM =memories (i remember seeing him before somewhere)



+ TO INFINITIVE = for actions that someone is suppposed to do (i must



remember to call)

REGRET ING FORM = we are sorry about something happened in the past

+ TO INFINITIVE = we are sorry for something we are going to do

+

TRY + ING FORM = when we make an experiment

 + TO INFINITIVE = we make an effort



STOP + ING FORM = when end the action (i stopped buying from that supplier)

 + TO INFINITIVE = when we give the reason for stopping (i stopped to buy something



from my daughter)

MEAN + ING FORM = when one thing results in or involves another ( globalizations means



being active in every major market)

+ TO INFINITIVE = to express an intention (i mant to let you know, but i got side-



tracked)

GO ON + ING FORM = when we continue doing something (the went on trading,



even thug they were insolvent)

TO INFINITIVE = when we change and do something else (after leaving

+

ibm he went to start on his own company)

-verbs of perception CAN BE FOLLOWED BY OBJECT + ING FORM or A BARE INFINITIVE

(without to)

-if we see a part o fan action use ING FORM



- if we see the whole action from the beginning to the end use INFINITIVE (without



to)

***after preposition like BY, WITHOUT, AFTER i pun the ING FORM

*** after depends on / interested in / advice on

PHRASAL VERBS

BACK UP = give support to

BRING IN =use skills of a person or a group

BRING OUT = start to sell a new product

CALL OFF = cancel an event

CHECK OUT = look at something to see if you like

DRAW UP = think about and then write

DROP OFF = take to a place in a car and leave

FIGURE OUT = able to under stand + solve

FILL IN/OUT = complete by writing information

FIND OUT = discover a fact

GIVE UP = quit

HAND IN = give something to a person in authority

HEAD UP = be in charge of a group)

HOLD UP = cause a delay

KEEP DOWN= revent from increasing

LAY OFF = dismiss / stop employing

LOOK UP = find a information in a book

PICK UP = collect in a car

POINT OUT = tell / indicate something important

ROLL OUT = introduce new product

SET UP = start/ estabilish

SHUT DOWN = close / stop operating

SORT OUT= organize / put right/ find a solution

TAKE ON = accept work

TAKE OVER = take control of

THROW AWAY = get ride of / waste an opportunity

TURN DOWN = refuse / say no

TURN ON/OFF = start / stop a piece of equipment

With these verbs we cannot separate the two parts

BREAK DOWN =stop working

CALL ON= visit fr a short time

CHECK IN = register

COME ACROSS= find by a chance

COME IN = interrupt a discussion

DO WITHOUT= manage without

END UP = be somewhere after doing something

ENTER INTO = start a formal discussion or activity

FALL THROUGH = fail to happen

FILE FOR = officially ask a court for something

GET INTO = start discussing/ enjoying

GO INTO = start a type of job

HOLD ON = wait a moment

LOOK AFTER = take care of

LOOK INTO= investigate

LOOK THROUGH = search amoung a loto f things

PAY OFF = bring some benefit

TAKE UP= use an amount of time or space

TAKE OFF= suddenly become sucessful

TURN OUT = how something develops or ends

TURN UP = arrive

Increasing and descreasing UP /OUT / DOWN



Communitation ACROSS / THROUGH



Exploring and revaling information INTO / OUT / UP



Checking and reviewing OVER / TROUGH



Time – past and future BACK / AHEAD7 FORWARD

Progress AHEAD /ALONG / ON / THROUGH/ BEHIND



Involvement in a activity IN/ INTO/ AWAY / OUT



Preventing problems AROUND / ASIDE / OFF



Completeness UP

Ending AWAY / OFF/ OUT / UP



Relationships TOGETHER / UP



Happiness and unhappiness UP / DOWN



MAKE is used as a result / to mean produce or manufacture ( to make an excuse, an arragement,



something better…)

DO is used for an activity / to mean perform an action (to do business with, your best, somebody a



favor, work with somebody)

HAVE is used like possess or a san action (have a brother, an appointent, lunch, an accident)



GET has many meanings -obtain/receive/be given, -buy something, -become, -bringh something, -get

something done, make somebody do something, move, arrive at a place, make progress, fit/put

something in a place, under stand, travel be/ catch

Es. her husband got a new job

Es. it’s getting late

Es. i saw him get out of the taxi

Es. i’m not getting anywhere with this report

REPORTED SPEECH

I WORK FOR IBM she said she worked for ibm



I’M WORKING FOR she said she was working



I’VE WORKED FOR she said she had worked for



I’VE BEEN WORKING FOR she said she had been worked for



I’M GOING TO WORK she said she was going to work



I CAN/WILL/MAY WORK she said she could/ would/might work



I he/she You me My his / her Your my

   

Here there

Now then/ at that time today that day yesterday the day before

  

yesterday

Tomorrow the next day



When will the good arrive? they asked me when the good would arrive



Where do you work ? he asked me where i worked



Have you spent all your budget ? she asked me if we’d spent all the budget



Are you going to pay ? he asked me whether i was going to pay



RELATIVE CLAUSES (short phrases beginning with short words like who, that, which that difine or

describe people and things)

DEFINING CLAUSES to identify exactly which person or thing we mean



NON-DEFINING CLAUSES to