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UNCERTAIN/ FORECAST/OPINION FOR THE FUTURE WILL
3)
I think I’ll fly to Paris
If they call off the strike (sciopero), I’ll fly to Paris
More people will fly to Paris next year
Think, hope, suppose, maybe, perhaps, if clauses (that have a condition, it means that’s not
sure), always weather forecast (except forecast based on facts* that are more sure)
CON ACTION VERBS, NOT FEEELING AND PERCEPTION VERBS (LOVE, LIKE, SEE…) even
if smt is planned, with those verbs I must use WILL form.
PROMISE AND OFFER doing smt
4)
WILL
Don’t worry, I’ll come to your home and help you 4
SNAP DECISION
5)
WILL
Decisioni prese nel momento in cui si parla
What do you prefear? Mmmm I’ll fly.
! oggi 90% degli americani usa to be going to nel parlato, anche se la situazione non lo permette.
MA è impossibile con 4 5.
HOW TO SWITCH FOR A FUTURE TO ANOTHER:What are you doing tonight?
Pag9 n. 8 pag 17 n.6
Leggo, dico quale mi piace e spiego almeno 3 attività pag . 9 n. 8b
-ING FORM:
CONTINUOS FORM
ADJECTIVES (boring, interesting…)
Used like a noun
Smoking is bad for your health
Watching television
After LIKE, LOVE, HATE,
After expression with PREPOSITION (ON,OF…)
I’m tired OF teaching you
I’m keen on reading
Instead of RELATIVES CLAUSES
The people thath are listening to me = the people listening to me
DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS
I’m giving a pen to you DOUBLE OBJ + INDIRECT OBJECT
I’m giving you a pen DOUBLE OBJECT + DOUBLE OBJECT
SUGGEST
! NON è UN DOUBLE OBJECT!!! 5
QUESTION:
(question expression) + auxiliary/modal + subject + (verb) + (all the rest) + (preposition)
QUESTION AUXILIARY/ MODAL SUBJECT VER ALL PREPOSITI
EXPRESSION B THE ON
RES
T
- why, when, which, - Do, be, have About (what
what, … + NOUN is this text
- Can, may, might, about?)
- Howmuch/many(long/o could, have to,
ften/old/deep/far…. should, shall,
should,
Exceptions:
WHO TOLD YOU? = who told you?
WHAT BROKE DOWN? = what did you break?
WHO & WHAT in alcuni casi possono non avere il soggetto.
6
I’m waiting for the bus? Which bus are you waiting for?
QUESTION TAGS
You don’t like football, do you? ALWAYS THE OPPOSITE!!!
ECHO QUESTIONS mostrare sorpresa are you?!
UNCONTABLE:
Travel ma si può dire: trip, trips / journey journeys / voyage
Work
Information
Homework
Advice
News
SOLUZIONI
WHO/WHAT
45.1
What fell off the shelf?
Who wants to see me?
Who took your umbrella?
What made you ill?
Who is coming?
45.2
Who did you phone?
What happened last night?
Who knows the answer?
Who did the washing-up?
What did Jane do?
What woke you up?
Who saw the accident?
Who did you see?
Who has got your pen?
What does this word mean?
45.3 7
Who phoned you last night? What did she want?
Who did you ask? What did he say?
Who got married last week? Who told you?
Who did you meet? What did she tell you?
Who won? What did you do after the game?
Who gave you a book? What did Catherine give you?
PREPOSITIONS AT THE END
45.1
What are you looking for?
Who did you go to the cinema with?
What was the film about?
Who did you give the money to?
Who was the book written by?
45.2
What are they looking at?
Who is he writing to?
What are they talking about?
What is she listening to?
Which bus are they waiting for?
45.3
Which hotel did you stay at?
Which football team does he play for?
Which school did you go to?
PAST SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFET
PAST SIMPLE:
Formation:
Add –ed at the end
Some verbs are irregular
Pronunciation:
I lived (livd) elimino la pronuncia della vocale
I worked (workd)
! CASI PARTICOLARI:
-t rent -ed
-d forward –ed
Use:
Focus on moments on the past, when an action happened. When in a question there is
“when”.. PRESENT PERFECT
Ausiliare HAVE/HAS + verb-ed COMPARISON: 8
Present perfect is the link between the past and the present : cosa ha provocato
una cos del passato sul presente
It began in the past, and there is again now in the past until now
Situazioni presenti
If a thing is finished past simple!
Last week, when, anno, data past simple
3 important cases:
1) DURATION FORM FOR/SINCE
I have taught you for 2 months
I have taught you since last February
Your high school teachers taught you for 5 years isn’t in the past and now, it’s finished!
2) CONSEGUENCES OF THE PAST ON THE PRESENT
a. “I’ve lost my cell phone!” “…where is??” “ ohh.. I left it on the bank counter!”
Sometimes and some places in the past I’ve dropped my cell phone, but now I’m
without it.
b. “the window is broken, someone has broken the window!”
c. scrivo una mail perchè non sono sicura che un PACCO (PARCEL) sia arrivato:
Dear Miss Colombai,
I hope you’ re fine. I’m writing you because I’d like to know if the parcel I have send is
with you. / if you have received the parcel I send you/my parcel
3) DECRIBING ACTION PERFORMED AT THE PRECEDING TIME, WITH NO MENTION TO
WHEN
So it’s again in the past until now!
“I have been to London twice”. “OH, when was that?” (ora con when torno al past
o simple) “ I went last year and last week”
My grandfather died before I was born, and I haver met him in my life” oppure: and he
o never met me, so I’ve never met him” io sono ancora viva lui no
MODAL VERBS and SEMI-MODALS*
Non servono gli ausiliari, è come se li sostituissero
Semi- modals:
VOLERE: WANT TO *
VORREI: to would like to *
Will MAI
VOLERE : can
9
VORREI: could BUT IS ALSO THE PAST, WHEN YOU SPEACK ABOUT
GENERAL ABILITY: when I was a child I could play the piano #
SAPERE FARE: I can swim # I can go
BE ABLE TO*: (n presente, condizional e past for general abilities es: yesterday
I wasn’t able to opne this door) .
POSSIBILITYsi sostituisce con may e might danno l’idea che una cosa sia probabile, non sicura
Maybe = forse = may be = può essere da qui il verbo to may = indica forse posso fare una cosa
Maybe i could came tomorrow = I might/may came tomorrow
Possibility I could came tomorrow
Probability I may/might came tomorrow.
May isn’t usually used to ask permission
DOVERE: must (rules, set istructions, things necessary) is only present
Have to* = è usato per tutti gli altri tempi verbali x cui non posso usare must
Sono intercambiabili in tutti i casi, ma non quando sono negativi!
Mustn’t real negative of must
Haven’t /don’t have to it means: it not necessary (not non devi fare come mustn’t!)
Es: to attend university you must pay fees.
To attend high school in England you must wear a uniform
To attent hisg… in Italy you don’t have to wear uniform
per indicare il negative di must lo uso x altri tempi verbali uso:
TO BE ALLOWED TO: MUST NEGATIVES IN ALL THE TEMPI Last year you Weren’t
allowed to..
To be allowed non è usato nelle affirmative (anche se volendo si può), lo uso solo
quando è neccessario: ovvero col negative di must 10
LEZIONE 4 MAGGIO:
VERB MAKE
MAKE SMTH OUT =decifrare “can you make out what she’s writing on the board?
Can you make out what they are saying next the door?
DIFFERENT MEANING OF WAKE UP:
TO APPLY/TO MAKE UP
To make up = truccarsi
TO MAKE UP A STORY/TO INVENT = inventare
TO MAKE UP SEX /TO BECAME FRIENDS AGAIN
TO BE MADE UP OF SMTH/composition of something = essere compost. About structure to
consist of to be composed si usa SOLO per la musica!
TO BE MAKE UP FOR SMT recuperare She spent 3 weekd with her family to make up for her
long absence
ALTRE COSE FATTE DA RECUPERARE!!! :
Pag 57 e 58 libro leggere modali e correggere con le key il compito
Reading going to college se c’è un cambio di parola bisogna stare attenti perché cambia il
significato. Can even diverso da often. Se pezzi di info non sono dati nel testo, è falso.
Listening about green economy e vocaboli sul green esercio pag 68 n. 2 3 4
11
IF CLAUSES:
pag. 68- n. 5-6 pag 69 n. 7-8 pag. 83 n.5-6 pag. 101 n. 6-7
clause = proposione
main clase = principale
if clause = secondaria
1) ZERO TYPE: if you touch the fire, you get burnt.
If you lock the door, nobody can come in
In entrambe si us ail PRESENT SIMPLE.
Matters of fact = dato di fatto real thing that general happens cosec he SEMPRE E
GENERALMENTE succedono!
Are interchangeable?
Get = viene usato principalmente per il riflessivo.
2) TYPE ONE
In a kitchen with children, you have to say them: if you touch the pan, you’ ll get burnt
future in main clause, present simple in the if clause
direct consequence in a precise case.
DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES OF TYPE ONE:
Type one isn’t only if clauses, there could be an adverb on the beginner of the secondary
clause, es:
UNLESS unless I feel better, I won’t go out. a meno che non
AS SOON AS The report is ready, I’ ll send it yo you
WHEN The report is ready, I’ ll send it yo you
Before you came, I’ll finish it
After you came, I’ll finish lunch
3) TYPE TWO
Imagining a situation and it’s consequence, it’s not a real consequence in a precise case,
it’ a hypothesis.
Se fossi.. farei l’ ipotesi si fa come in italiano.
If I were a dog, I would fallow my owner everywhere.
Past simple nella if clause e conditional nella main clause. 12
Uso il passato perchè, anche se quella cosa non è mai successa nel passato, in inglese il
congiuntivo lo fanno col past simple che è un UNREAL PAST.
Se io fossi if I were
Different between past simple e unreal past: unreal past ha tutte le forme uguali con be,
tutte le forme hanno WERE!
Oggi nell’ inglese passato usano lo stesso if I were.
I wish i were there ALTRO CASO, in cui però si usa were anche x I
4) TYPE 3
REGRET
If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam
Past perfect if clause, perfect conditional nella main clause.
MIX of two types:
! mix of type 2 + type 3 :
If I had attend this course last year, I wouldn’t be here now
If I begin with past perfect it could be conditional of perfect conditional.
W