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Formattazione del testo
PRESENT SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE
I play football
He said he played football
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
I am playing football
He said he was playing football
PRESENT PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
I have played football
He said he had played football
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PERFECT
I played football
He said he had played football
Da discorso diretto a indiretto 2
WILL
WOULD
I will play football
He said he would play football
HAVE TO/MUST
HAD TO
I have to/must play football
He said he had to/must playing football
SHALL
SHOULD
I shall play football
He said he should play football
MAY
MIGHT
I may play football
He said he might play football
SAY e TELL
Il discorso indiretto è introdotto da SAY quando non si esprime la persona con cui si parla:
He said he wanted to go home (Non: he said me he wanted to go home)
Se si vuole esprimere la persona con cui si parla si può dire:
RICORDA:
He said TO me he wanted to go home
say e tell sono verbi irregolari:
say/said/said
Il discorso indiretto è introdotto da
TELL quando si esprime la persona con cui si parla tell/told/told: He told us me he wanted to go home (Non: he told to us he wanted to go home)
COME SI RIPORTA UNA DOMANDA?
I verbi che introducono una domanda indiretta sono: ASK, WANT TO KNOW, WONDER
- YES/NO questions
- Domande introdotte da questions words
La domanda indiretta è introdotta da IF o WHETHER e l'ordine delle parole è quello di una normale frase affermativa:
Can I come to your party? Anna wanted to know if she could come to my party
Did you do your homework? My mum asked if I had done my homework
La domanda indiretta è introdotta dalla QUESTION WORD e l'ordine delle parole è quello di una normale frase affermativa:
How long have you known Frank? He asked me how long I had known Frank
ALTRI REPORTING VERBS E POSSIBILI STRUTTURE 1
VERBO + (that) + frase: add, admit, agree, claim, complain, explain, promise, propose, recommend, regret, suggest, warn
He promised that he would come to the wine-tasting
I almost fainted when the plane took off.He came to the airport with me to see me off.
This morning we set off on our trip to California.
We stopped over in New York on our way to Washington.
I need to look around before making a decision.They spent all day looking around the village
(Hanno passato l'intera giornata a dare un'occhiata in giro per il villaggio)
Travel idioms
(Modi di dire legati ai viaggi)
HIT THE ROAD We woke up early and hit the road before 7 a.m.
(Mettersi in viaggio. Ci siamo svegliati presto e ci siamo messi in viaggio prima delle 7 del mattino)
OFF THE BEATEN TRACK I prefer small hotels off the beaten track
(In zone poco conosciute. Preferisco piccoli hotel in zone poco conosciute)
MAKE YOUR WAY BACK I managed to make my way back home even though the fog was thick
(Tornare indietro. Sono riuscito a tornare a casa anche se la nebbia era fitta)
BREAK THE JOURNEY We decided to break our journey in Oxford
(Fare una sosta. Abbiamo deciso di fare una sosta a Oxford durante il nostro viaggio)
THIRST FOR ADVENTURE That island is a popular destination for people in thirst for adventure
(Sete di avventura. Quell'isola è una meta popolare per le persone assetate di avventura)
Unità 7
Verbi + -ing e to
5 global issues phrasal verbs
5 global issues idioms
VERBI + -ING FORM
detest
admit
miss
discuss
necessitate
advise
dislike
postpone
allow
I feel like eating a pizza tonight
enjoy
practice
anticipate
escape
prevent
appreciate
evade
put off
Do you enjoy skiing at the weekend?
avoid
explain
recommend
fancy
be worth
report
It's not worth visiting this city
fear
resist
can't help
feel like
risk
celebrate
finish
suggest
confess
forgivesupportconsider mention toleratedefend mind understanddelay urgeVERBI + TO + INFINITOexpectagree remainhesitate requestappear hope resolvearrange learn He seems to have lost wieghtsayask manage seemattempt mean strive I was hoping to learn something new at the coursebeg need struggleofferafford swear He threatened to kill usplan tendwait prepare threatenchoose pretend volunteerclaim profess waitcome promise wantdecide prove wishdeserve refuse would likeVERBI + -ING FORM E TO + INFINITOAlcuni verbi possono essere seguiti sia dalla forma in -ing che da to + infinito, con un cambio di significato:➞STOP + infinito fermarsi per fare qualcosa. She stopped to have a coffee.➞STOP + forma in -ing smettere di fare She stopped drinking coffee two years ago.qualcosa in modo permanente.➞FORGET + infinito dimenticare di fare Please, don’t forget to bring the key.qualcosa (riferimento al futuro)➞FORGET + forma in -ing dimenticare di averfatto qualcosa (riferimento al Oh no! I forgotbringing the key.
VERBI + -ING FORM E TO + INFINITO
REMEMBER + infinito → ricordarsi di fare
I must remember to buy the train tickets
qualcosa (riferimento al futuro)
REMEMBER + forma in -ing → ricordarsi di aver fatto
I remember buying the train tickets
qualcosa (riferimento al passato)
REGRET + infinito → dispiacersi per qualcosa che deve ancora avvenire.
We regret to tell you that your contract will not be renewed.
REGRET + forma in -ing → pentirsi di avere o non avere fatto qualcosa (riferimento al passato)
I regret leaving school too early.
VERBI + -ING FORM E TO + INFINITO
MEAN + infinito → esprime quale sarà la conseguenza di un'azione o cosa sarà necessario fare.
They meant to destroy the city.
MEAN + forma in -ing → esprime un'intenzione o un piano.
Leaving this job would mean looking for another one.
GO ON + forma in -ing → significa compiere l'azione seguente,che corrisponde spesso al passo videogames.successivo in un processo descritto dal contestoGO ON + infinito → esprime la continuazione di After making dinner, he went on to set the table.un’azione Global issues Phrasal verbs
CUT DOWN ON We need to cut down on the amount of electricity we useridurre
USE UP She passed out after the car accidentesaurire
STAND UP FOR A lot of people stood out for animal rightsdifendere/proteggere
FACE UP TO We have to face up to the consequences of globalaccettare come vero warming
COOL DOWN Global temperatures will not cool downraffreddarsi
Global Issues idioms
THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG This environmental problem was just the tip of thela punta dell'icerberg - there were many others
BE SET IN STONE These predictions are not set in stone - there is enoughessere inciso sulla pietra time to save the earth
A DROP IN THE OCEAN The money the receives from the government was just auna goccia nel mare drop in the ocean
RAY OF HOPE When pollution decreased,it was a ray of hope raggio di speranza HAVE A GREEN THUMB When I grow plants, they die - I don't have a avere il pollice verde thumb! Unità 8 comparativi, superlativi. so and such 5 global issues questioni globali phrasal verbs 5 global issues questioni globali idioms REVISIONE DEI COMPARATIVI MAGGIORANZA 2) si aggiunge more all'aggettivo "lungo" 1) si aggiunge -ER all'aggettivo "corto" My sweater is more expensive than yours My sweater is cheaper than yours UGUAGLIANZA(not) AS + aggettivo + AS AGGETTIVI IRREGOLARI The traffic in London is as bad as in Paris GOOD = BETTER BAD = WORSE MINORANZA FAR = FARTHER/FURTHER LESS + aggettivo the city is less safe than it used to be REVISIONE DEI SUPERLATIVI MAGGIORANZA 2) si aggiunge THE MOST all'aggettivo "lungo" 1) si aggiunge THE + -EST all'aggettivo "corto" This is the most interesting event of the year That's the biggest city in the world MINORANZA(THE LEAST + aggettivo AGGETTIVI IRREGOLARI What's the least
fat food in the grocery store? GOOD = THE BEST
BAD = THE WORST
FAR = THE FARTHEST/FURTHEST
MODIFIERS PER ESPRIMERE UNA GRANDE DIFFERENZA
A great deal, quite a lot, considerably, far, (very) much + comparativo
Staying in touch is much easier nowadays
That's considerably harder than I thought
by far, easily, just about + superlativo
This is by far the best experience I have ever had
She is just about the nicest person I know
nothing like, not nearly, nowhere near as... as
My car is nowhere near as expensive as yours
MODIFIERS PER ESPRIMERE UNA PICCOLA DIFFERENZA
Barely, a bit, hardly any, a little, scarcely, slightly, somewhat + comparativo
This airplane is scarcely bigger than the other one
nearly, not quite as... as, much the same as
Your bedroom is much the same as it was when you were younger
ALTRI TIPI DI COMPARATIVI
È possibile ripetere la stessa forma comparativa due volte al fine di enfatizzare:
The situation is getting worse and worse.
I'm getting more and more anxious
About my life. "THE ... THE" per spiegare come un cambiamento in un aspetto, possa avere influenza su qualcos'altro:
The more I see you, the less I like you.
The longer we stay at home, the worse I feel.
Si può usare il comparativo per contrastare due qualità simili:
I am more nervous than angry.
SO ... THAT / SUCH ... THAT
SO + AGGETTIVO / AVVERBIO + THAT
The weather was so nice that we went to the park.
SUCH + AGGETTIVO CON NOME + THAT
It was such an expensive car that we couldn't afford to buy it.
Technology Phrasal verbs
HACK INTO
The hacked into my computer and now it is full of viruses.
entrare illegalmente
PLUG IN
Can I plug in my laptop in that socket over there?
inserire la spina
KEY IN
Key in your name in the online application form.
inserire digitando
HOOK UP
I don't know how to hook up my computer to the office network.
collegare
SCROLL UP/DOWN
If you want to leave a review, you have to scroll down to the bottom.
scorrere verso l'alto/verso il basso
Technology idioms
NOT ROCKET SCIENCE - Programming is not rocket science - you can learn it!
un argomento difficile
CUTTING EDGE - There have been so many cutting edge studies in technology in the past few years
ON THE SAME WAVELENGTH
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