Lingua inglese - Appunti

GESTURES AND GAZE

Aspetti fondamentali della comunicazione non verbale. FANNO PARTE DEI MODES.

1. **Gestures**: Si riferisce ai gesti, cioè ai movimenti delle mani, delle braccia o

del corpo che vengono utilizzati per esprimere idee, emozioni o per sottolineare ciò

che si sta dicendo.

2. **Gaze**: Si riferisce allo sguardo, cioè alla direzione e alla durata con cui una

persona guarda qualcosa o qualcuno. Lo sguardo può comunicare una vasta gamma di

informazioni, come interesse, attenzione, affetto, ostilità o confusione.

REMEDIATION AND CONVERGENCE

Two other ways that media can be connected to one another known as remediation

and convergence.

Remediation = the phenomenon of a new media from “absorbing” and

1. “refashioning” older media forms. es. the technology of printing “absorbed” the

technology of writing and made something new from it.

(media) Convergence = the trend for multiple media to be integrated into single

2. devices.

smartphone is the best example of media convergence.

Another important concept when thinking about the relationship between different

media is convergence (Jenkins, 2006). Above we pointed out the fact that often

multiple media are available to people in particular sites of engagement and that the

combination of these different media can affect what and how people communicate

with either co-present others or with people in other sites of engagement. In the

example we gave above, however, the media we talked about—television,

newspapers, mobile

phones—are all separate media.

Convergence refers to the trend for multiple media to be integrated into single

devices. The smartphone is probably the best example of media convergence,

a device which combines affordances of the telephone, camera, web browser,

television, and a host of other media. The internet revolution has increased media

convergence and moved media language towards multimodal kinds of textual

organization in which multiple modes combine and function together (social media

networks communicate through pictures, audio, etc.).

THE MATERIALITIES (cosa sono)

Materialities of media also shape the way different modes can be used and

experienced. First, they determine the range of modes available to communicators.

Tradi-tional telephones, for example, only allow for the transmission of the mode of

speech, whereas programmes like Skype and FaceTime permit users to transmit video

images of themselves in real time, making available to them a range of other modes

such as gestures, gaze (sguardo), and facial expressions as well as the physical

environments in which they are situated.

Media materialities: can be distinguished in affordances (things that media

features allow people to do) and constraints (limitations media impose on our

actions – eg screen size).

Limitations affect media texts in different ways:

- What we communicate and the modes used;

- Whom we can communicate (how many people, how and when);

- Consequences for how we can combine different aspects (textsm forms of

participation and modes) in our social life….

Media affordances and constraints can change over time and these changes have

repercussion in our lives in society (eg. Writing, electronic media such as the

telephone, radio and tv; digital media (computers, smartphones and other wireless

devices)).

What should be clear from the brief history of media above is that the introduction of

new media often results in dramatic social, political, and economic changes, mostly

because new media allow people to do things that they were not able to do before.

MEDIA MATERIALITY: AFFORDANCES AND CONSTRAINTS

Esempi nel contesto dei media stampati (giornali tradizionali):

Affordances: conservazione della comunicazione;

Constraints: assenza di tono di voce, mancanza di risposta immediata/rapida

(indirizzo asincrono).

Le affordances e le constraints dei media possono cambiare nel tempo, e questi

cambiamenti hanno ripercussioni nelle nostre vite in società (ad esempio, scrittura,

media elettronici come telefono, radio e televisione; media digitali come computer,

smartphone e altri dispositivi wireless).