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WHAT CAN YOU TELL ABOUT THE SAMPLE?

The sample were composed by the first-year students in September 2019 witch came from the North Ireland.

WHEN DO THESE MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES GENERALLY BEGIN?

These issues (problem) began and increased at onset the COVID-19 pandemic

MY COMMENT ABOUT THIS ARTICLE: In my opinion this article is interested and fascinating because it shows me that the COVID-19 pandemic hasn't changed only routine and people behavior but it also has influenced the mental issues of students.

ARTICOLI + AUDIO READING

SPECIAL REPORT: MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSION—YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW

Author: CHARLES B. NEMEROFF

21 Oct 2021 Online

MAJOR DEPRESSION (Unipolar depressive disorders): Sadness, the pathognomonic symptom of major depression is anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure), social isolation, pessimism, negative thinking, self-criticism, sense of guilt, tiredness, fatigue, restlessness, substance-abuse, suicidal thoughts/ideas, weight loss or gain.

Lifetime

  • Assessment for medical disorders or medications that are associated with depression (es. Patients who already have thyroid disease do not respond well to antidepressants. Men with low levels of testosterone also frequently display the cardinal symptoms of depression and respond to testosterone supplementations, often not requiring antidepressant treatment)
  • Assessment for psychiatric comorbidity. The most common include anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder) and
    • disorder, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), requires a different approach. PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It is characterized by symptoms such as flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance of triggers related to the traumatic event. Treating PTSD often involves a combination of therapy and medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a commonly used therapy for PTSD, which helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to the traumatic event. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another therapy that has been found to be effective in treating PTSD. In terms of medication, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often prescribed to help manage symptoms of PTSD. These medications work by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which can improve mood and reduce anxiety. It is important to note that the treatment approach for PTSD may vary depending on the individual and their specific symptoms. Some individuals may require additional therapies or medications to effectively manage their symptoms. In conclusion, while major depression and PTSD are both mental health disorders, they require different treatment approaches. Major depression can be treated with a combination of antidepressants, psychotherapy, and nonpharmacological somatic treatments. On the other hand, PTSD often requires therapy, such as CBT or EMDR, along with medication, such as SSRIs. It is crucial to tailor the treatment approach to the individual's specific needs in order to achieve the best outcomes.disorder as diabetes.
    Figure 2
    shows that Metformin is the clear first choice of treatment. In contrast,
    Figure 3
    shows that there is no clear treatment for depression (there are no data indicating that any one antidepressant is superior in efficacy and/or has a most favourable side-effect profile). This leads to an almost purely trial-and-error approach to selection of treatment. This treatment decision is ideally made by the clinician-patient dyad. Clinicians should present the menu of evidence-based treatments ranging from antidepressants to psychotherapy to neuromodulation. Family history is also important since, if a patient's first-degree blood relative has suffered with depression and responded to a particular antidepressant, some evidence suggests that this agent should be a first choice for that patient. Patient preference is important! In terms of antidepressant treatment strategy, clinicians should initially choose an antidepressant within a class with the most favourableindividuals to other mental health disorders such as anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders. WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DEPRESSION? Treatment options for depression include antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation techniques such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). WHAT FACTORS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN DECIDING ON TREATMENT OPTIONS? Factors that should be considered when deciding on treatment options for depression include the severity of symptoms, the presence of any co-occurring mental health disorders, the patient's preferences and goals, and the potential side effects and risks associated with each treatment modality. WHAT IS THE RECOMMENDED APPROACH IF INITIAL ANTIDEPRESSANT THERAPY IS INEFFECTIVE? If initial antidepressant therapy is ineffective, the recommended approach is to either switch to another therapy (such as a different antidepressant, psychotherapy, or neuromodulation) or to maintain the current antidepressant and add a second agent. The decision should be made in collaboration between the clinician and the patient, taking into account the individual's treatment history and preferences. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A 30% IMPROVEMENT AFTER THREE WEEKS ON ANTIDEPRESSANT MONOTHERAPY? A 30% improvement after three weeks on antidepressant monotherapy is considered a threshold for determining the likelihood of response to that dose. Patients who exhibit less than a 30% improvement are unlikely to respond to that dose and may require a change in treatment approach. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IF THE INITIAL ANTIDEPRESSANT HAS NOT RESULTED IN SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN SYMPTOMS? If the initial antidepressant has not resulted in substantial improvement in symptoms, the patient should be switched to another antidepressant of a different class. This is based on the principle that different antidepressants target different neurotransmitter systems and may have different efficacy profiles for individual patients. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IF THE PATIENT HAS EXPERIENCED CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT (40% TO 50%)? If the patient has experienced considerable improvement (40% to 50%), an augmentation or combination therapy should be initiated. This involves adding another treatment modality, such as a second antidepressant, psychotherapy, or neuromodulation, to further enhance the therapeutic response.

    WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN POINTS FOR DEPRESSION'S TREATMENT?

    1. Assessment for medical disorders or medications (farmaci) that are associated with depression
    2. Psychiatric comorbidity must be formally diagnosed and considered in the development of a treatment strategy
    3. Delineating the subtypes of major depression is of great importance, as it too will impact optimal treatment decisions

    WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCE-BASED TREATMENTS CATEGORIES?

    Antidepressants, psychotherapies and nonpharmacological somatic treatments.

    Each of them includes different specific treatments.

    HOW DO THE CLINCIANS CHOOSE WHICH TREATMENTS TO USE?

    Patient preference is clearly important and will drive much decision-making as to initial treatment direction, that is, antidepressants versus psychotherapy versus neuromodulation.

    WHAT IS THE DECISION THAT THE CLINICAL MUST TAKE WHEN THE TREATMENT IS A FAILURE?

    To switch to another therapy or to maintain the current antidepressant and add a second agent

    VISUAL

    DIAGNOSTICS BECOME MORE ACCESSIBLE

    Author: Nick Zagorski

    When: 21 OCT 2021

    Where: ONLINE

    With powerful cameras widely available in phones and tablets, eye-based tools to screen for such disorders as autism and dementia may soon become part of routine practice.

    The eyes are a window to the soul and for a clinical perspective they are also a key conduit into the brain.

    A promising area involves tracking someone's gaze: many studies have validated the use of eyetracking to detect psychiatric conditions and now, as phones and tablets with powerful processors become more available, obtaining an eyetracking test may be as simple as downloading an app.

    The director of Duke Univ. center for Autism and Brain Development has been leading one effort to bring eye tracking technology to routine pediatric care -> everyone knows that children with autism pay attention to the world differently: they tend to focus on nonsocial elements of a scene and tracking a child's gaze can be a way to screen for

    autism. That's the reason why "Tobii" a technological company have developed tools that use infrared light to precisely track children's gaze BUT these devices are too expensive and must be calibrated before every use.

    Some researchers set out to create a low-cost eyetracking app. They created software that tracks the gaze as they watch brief videos. The app uses the cameras available on tablets and phones to track both eye and facial movements while they're watching videos from the comfort of their caregiver's lap during a routine visit. A report on the app described how it was able to predict which children would be subsequently diagnosed with autism (90% accuracy). The app picked up on previously studied phenomena in children with autism, including their preference for different stimuli and in the gaze (kids with autism had less ability to coordinate their gaze with the flow of a conversation).+ she noted that current clinical studies used in autism

    Screening are generally reliable but rely on parental reports and they consider a typical view from a with and Euro-American perspective. Visual tests may also aid in detecting people with early stage dementia. As with autism checklists, cognitive tests used to identify people with dementia are prone to bias when people had different education or backgrounds. Cognitive tests also suffer from a practice effect when given repeatedly (people get better with repetition).

    A Cambridge's student made an interesting discovery: in visual recognition tests, the brain produces different electrical signals when people saw an animal imagine. That difference reflects the oldest evolutionary jobs of the human brain: the ability of recognize other animals quickly and undertake the appropriate flight or fight response. The speed of recognize animal got slower with the age or cognitive problems.

    So, he developed a five minutes online test: the cognICA-> people are shown a series of black

    andwhite images for 10 sec and they must identify as soon as possible if the imagine was of an animalor not. Based on an individual’s response relative to their age, the cognICA can calculates theindividual cognitive health. He found that the algorithm can identify cognitive problems even whenonly one region of the brain are affected. Pilot studies found that the cognICA could identifycognitive problems in 88% of adults with early stage alzheimer disease. ICA can be used at homeand patients can send the results to their doctors and focus on those who are declining more quickly.There’s a future also for parents that they can monitor their children and provide real-times updatesto their physician. (tools can also be used to track child’s progress too).Covid has increased medical technology bcs of both medical and patients have taken a greaterinterest in virtual and online care.
    1. The author is Nick Zagorski
    2. The article was published on an unknown date.

    THE AIM OF OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS? They can be particularly useful for disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, and dementia.

    HOW DOES THE LOW-COST EYE-TRACKING APP WORK? It tracks the gaze of children as they watch a series of brief videos on tablets and phones, tracking both eye and facial movements.

    WHAT DO AUTISM CHECKLIST AND COGNITIVE TEST HAVE IN COMMON? They are prone to bias when given to people of different educational or cultural backgrounds.

    HOW DOES COGNiCA WORK? People are shown a series of black-and-white images for one-tenth of a second and they must then identify whether in the image they saw an animal or not as quickly as possible. Based on an individual's response relative to their age, the CognICA algorithm calculates the individual's overall cognitive health.

    IN WHICH WAYS DOES THE ACTIVITY OF ANIMAL RECOGNITION CHANGE WHEN THE PERSON HAS COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT OR DEMENTIA?

    Dettagli
    Publisher
    noemi.cito97
    A.A. 2021-2022
    10 pagine
    SSD Scienze antichità, filologico-letterarie e storico-artistiche L-LIN/12 Lingua e traduzione - lingua inglese
    I contenuti di questa pagina costituiscono rielaborazioni personali del Publisher noemi.cito97 di informazioni apprese con la frequenza delle lezioni di Inglese e studio autonomo di eventuali libri di riferimento in preparazione dell'esame finale o della tesi. Non devono intendersi come materiale ufficiale dell'università Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore" o del prof Cristofolini Flavia.