Fonologia e fonetica

SECONDARY STRESSES

The result is a compound word where the first element is a verb and, in this case, the stress is carried by the first element (the most relevant)

Compound vs. Loose combination

Greenhouse Green House

• has a loose connection
• has a tight connection
• the stress is on the second (or both)

BLACKboard black board

DARKroom dark room

PAPERknife paper bag

SUMMERtime summer clothes

FOOTball

HIGHway

Secondary stress

• Stressed syllables are made of strong vowels (heavy rhymes)
• Unstressed syllables are made of weak vowels (light rhymes)

/ prə.nʌn.sı.'ei.ʃən /

• weak
• weak
• weak
• secondary stress

/prə. ˌ nʌn.sı.'ei.ʃən /

SECONDARY STRESS

• Two picks the first one is less prominent than the second

Usually, the stress of noun/adjective is on the first syllable. But if it’s a long word or a compound, we can have two stresses: the primary and the secondary.

which is less prominent

Where can we find secondary stress?

• Long words
• Homographs
• Compound words

LONG WORDS®

Pronunciation / prə. ˌ nʌn.sı.'ei.ʃən / Si sono scambiati gli accenti di parola

Pronunciation principals ® / prə. 'nʌn.sı. ˌei.ʃən 'prınsıpəlz /

• ei

The change of stress means that the first is more prominent and the stress on is less prominent.

TÁTA

The structure is the same:

• This happens because the first word, sometimes in context, can have a different pattern.
• Even in this case, the reason is due to the length of the phrase, which obliges the speaker to calculate the quantity of air flow to emit form his mouth.
• In this case, we have two picks that cannot be that close.
• The two most prominent syllables in this phrase are distant.
• With the secondary stress, we keep the sequence required by the stress-timed language (the amount of time between one stress and another is the same)

This is something that can happen when a long word is in a phrasal context.

The way language works in context

Some words lose the stress,

Some other change the stress from primary to secondary,

Sometimes at the level of the syllable, 23

Sometimes at the level of word.

HOMOGRAPHS

Homograph is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning.

/ 'sɛprət / / 'sɛpəreıt /

^® separate (adj) separate (verb)

weak strong

/ 'sɛpəˌreıt /^® funzione distintiva

The stress allows to distinguish one word from another 20 ottobre 2021

Lingua Inglese

v I dittonghi vengono (non sempre) trascritti usando i simboli delle vocaliaı, ɔı əʊ, aʊ; ıə, ɛə, ʊə/ e anche /i/ /u/.

v /eı, ;v Tuttavia, la loro realizzazione è acusticamente diversa dalle vocali che li rappresentano e varia a seconda del contesto frasale (in presenza di una successiva C o V, ad esempio).

/aı/,

Le due formanti del dittongo per esempio, sono realizzate

/Əst//'diːp əst/®es: deepest

Inflections Morphonology

• To explain grammatical meaning, but do not change the meaning/category of the word
• There are inflectional markers also in:
• 3° person of present simple -es
• Plural -s
• Possessive
• /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ / /əz/ /ız/
• The stem in sibilant became or/'krɒsəz/ /'krɒsiz/®es: crosses
• /z/
• The stem in vowel or voiced consonant is/‘peız/®es: pays
• /s/
• The stem in voiceless consonant is/‘stɒps/®es: stops

Irregular inflections

• House /'haʊs/ pl. /'haʊzəz/ / 'haʊzız/à
• Paths / ' pɑːθ /, / ' pɑːδz /
• Baths / ' bɑːθ /, / ' bɑːδz /

Natural phonology

• The sound system is governed by natural processes which are a mental unconscious substitution and adapt our intention to our (phonetic) abilities.
• The substitutions make the segments easier to pronounce/ perceive

There are two main processes:

• Fortition
• Lenition

Fortition processes (in primo piano):

• They are a perceptive teleology
• They intensify the contrast between adjacent segments/foregrounding processes
• They characterize strong prosodic position (syllable incipit/coda)
• These processes use:
• Dissimilation
• Diphthongization
• Syllabification
• Metathesis
• Epenthesis

Dissimilation:

• It's the process by which two neighboring sounds become less alike
• Haplology: it's the loss of a syllable when it is next to a phonetically identical (or similar) syllable
• Example: Anglaland England 25
• Single singular à Module modular à Nature natural à -ar -al
• Example: Culture cultural à Orbit orbital
• Linking /r/ the idea is the idea [r] is

Diphthongization:

• It's the process by which a vowel becomes a diphthong

Syllabification:

• It's the process by which the insertion of a vowel

adds one syllable to the original word (separation of syllables)
es: House /houz/ + /z/ / houzes/à

Metathesis
• It's the transposition of sounds or letters in a word
/pərˈskrɪpʃən/
es: prescription perscription

Epenthesis
• It's the insertion of a vowel to break up a consonantal cluster
es: film > filəm

specialty speciality

Lenition processes
• They simplify the articulation of words and diminish the distance between segments/ backgrounding processes.
• Ease articulation
• They are:
• Assimilation
• Monophthongization
• Desyllabification 26
• Reduction
• Suppression

Assimilation
• It's the process by which the first phoneme picks up one or more features of the second adjacent phoneme
• /d/ voiced dental plosive
• /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative
• /d/ assimilates to /s/
• There are some kinds of assimilation:
• Complete every feature bilabial/p/ plosive[ımpʊt]
• Partial

es:some features input à bilabial/m/ nasal• ® input [ımpʊt]Contiguous sounds are nearby (progressive) à• ®Non-contiguous sounds are distant (regressive) Contiguous - progressive• ®Regressive feature of a preceding phoneme mi[ʃ]on impo[ʃ]ible• ®Progressive feature of a following phoneme Non-contiguous - regressive• ®Voicing es:voiceless > voiced bugs bug[z]à• ®Devoicing es:voiceless < voiced have to [hæv tu:] [hæf tə]à• The place of articulation:• Palatalization• Fricativisation• LabializationMonophthongization• It’s the process by which a diphthong becomes a monophthong dropping thesecond element and slightly lengthening the first element• /aɪ/ [aː]→• /aʊ/ [ɑː]→• /eɪ/ [eː]→• /əʊ/ [ɜː]→es: our /ˈaʊə/ [ɑə]/ [ɑː]àfire /ˈfaɪə/ [faə] / [faː]àDesyllabification/ Suppression•

It's a reduction/ suppression in the number of syllables:

Syllabification syllabicationàSummary [sʌ.mə.ri] [sʌm.ri]à àApporre ap.po.si.toà ap.po.stoàap.po.si.ta.men.te ap.po.staàBalloon [blun]à

Reduction• It's a reduction/ simplification of clusters (groups)es:

Psychology [saikɔ:loʤi]àLamb [læm]à 2725 ottobre 2021Lingua Inglese• Ten green bottles'tɛn 'gri:n 'bɒtłz• Hanging on the wall'hæŋıŋ 'ɒn 'ðǝ 'wɔ:l• And if one green bottle'ænd ıf 'wʌn 'gri:n 'bɒtł• Should accidentally fall'ʃʊd æksi 'dɛntǝli 'fɔ:l• There'd would be nine green bottles'ðɛǝ ('wʊ)d 'bi: 'naın 'gri:n '