Maschera: tra finzione e realtà, tesina

Lingua francese.

“Le théâtre de l'Absurde”.

Eugène Ionesco (Bucarest 1912 Paris 1994), né en Roumanie par le père

roumain et d'une mère française, il a déménagé à Paris en 1940, où, en 1950, ne

représente une pièce de théâtre, La Cantatrice chauve, qui n'a pas eu lieu.

La même comédie, tourné en 1956, est le panneau d'affichage pendant 15 années

les œuvres de cet auteur, considéré comme le fondateur

consécutives. Depuis lors,

du théâtre de l'absurde, un anti-théâtre qui rejette les conventions littéraires

traditionnelles et le stade, sont applaudis comme une preuve importante de notre

temps.

«Le théâtre de l'Absurde". Ce terme indique la production théâtrale d'un groupe

d'auteurs actifs à Paris dans les années cinquante, lorsque le cadre des valeurs

traditionnelles, miné par la Seconde Guerre mondiale, est reconstituée sous une

forme différente, celle de la «société d'abondance ». Il est cette angoisse et cette

"absurdes" existentielles, les données de vivre dans une société dépourvue

d'idéaux, d'oublier le drame passé, aliéné et fermé à la communication, qui sont

représentés sur la scène par des dramaturges de ce groupe, l'un des leaders était

précisément Ionesco . Ses pièces sont absurdes parce qu'il ne se concentre pas sur

des actions réalistes et logiques des événements, mais des personnages pris au

piège dans un monde incompréhensible. Par conséquent, les mots perdent leur

importance, et les dialogues sont répétitifs et serré insignifiants. Les personnages,

comme des marionnettes, sont dans un état de vide immobilité. Le théâtre de E.

Ionesco est ni réaliste ni «engagé», éducatif, philosophique, psychologique,

historique ou épique. Il est empathique, parce que, comme la bande dessinée, le

spectateur regarde les personnages d'une manière indépendante. Il est également

non seulement amusant parce que les sujets sont tragiques. L'auteur lui-même dit

que ses œuvres sont la projection de son monde intérieur, son drame individuel,

puisque vous ne pouvez pas atteindre universel sinon être eux-mêmes. Ses

comédies sont donc une confession lyrique, l'expression de l'irrationnel. Ses

pièces sont caractérisées par des situations paradoxales et exaspérés par la

répétition des mots et des phrases, qui sont un non-sens. Comme la langue est

schématique et empêche la communication, parce qu'elle est fondée sur la

subjectivité, il est l'élément visuel qui sera de plus en plus utilisé dans le jeu: les

objets et les animaux envahissent la scène et le triomphe sur les humains (Les

chaises 1952 Rhinocéros, 1959). Les premières représentations sont courtes, sont

épuisés dans un seul acte, ils sont conçus pour un théâtre et un public restreint.

L'action est soit circulaire (La Cantatrice chauve, 1950; La Leçon, 1951), la

performance montre que le spectateur au point de départ, ou de monter

6 Spartà Aurora, Classe III A, Santa Domenica Vittoria, Anno Scolastico 2015-2016

progressivement vers une extrémité si absurde qu'elle annule et suggère une

conclusion (Victimes du devoir, 1953, Jacques ou la Soumission, 1955). Les

caractères sont élémentaires, mécaniques comme des robots ou des marionnettes:

ils sont l'image de fossilisation moqueuse de '' bug humain ». Langue, puis,

automatiquement, sclérosée, disjoint, inadaptée à l'expression de la pensée, tout

d'abord sert à rendre présent le vide et l'absence. Ses travaux portent sur des

thèmes tels que l'individu opprimé en masse, il est impossible d'atteindre l'absolu,

l'homme face à la mort, la solitude et le vide de la condition humaine.

7 Spartà Aurora, Classe III A, Santa Domenica Vittoria, Anno Scolastico 2015-2016 Lingua inglese

William Shakespeare

Life

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small town in the centre

of England, on April 23rd 1564. He lived during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

He went to Stratford Grammar School where he studied Latin and Greek. When

he was about 14, he had to leave the school beacouse his father had financial

problems. He never attended University. Into 1582 he married Anne Hathaway

and they had three children: Susanna, Hamnet and Judith, who were twins. In the

late 1580s he left his family and went to London, there he found a job as an actor

and started writing poetry and plays. In January 1593 he and six other actors

started a theatre company called the “Lord Chamberlain’s Men”. Five years later,

he was involved in the building of the Globe Theatre, the most famous

Elizabethan theatre in London. The Globe was an open-air theatre with a round

stage and there was enough space for 3,000 spectators. Most of his plays were

performed at this theatre until a fire destroyed it in 1613. William Shakespeare

died in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1616, on the same date he was born, April 23rd.

Works.

Shakespeare was an extraordinary playright. He wrote 37 plays between 1588 and

1613: 10 tragedies, 17 comedies, 10 historical plays. His most famous tragedies

are: “Romeo and Juliet” (1594-1596), “Hamlet” (1600-1602),” Julius Cesar”

(1599). Some of his best comedies are “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “the

Tempest” and “The Merchant of Venice”. His most well-known historical play is

“Richard III”. Shakespeare was also a great poet. He loved writing poetry and

wrote 154 sonnets, poems with 14 lines. His most famous one is Sonnet 18 “Shall

I compare thee to a summer’s day?”. Shakespeare had a massive vocabulary and

he used more than 21,000 different words in his plays and poems! The average

vocabulary in England during Elizabethan Age was about 500! He invented more

tan 2,000 words including such words as “gossip”, “bedroom” and “birthplace”.

Shakespeare wrote his works more than 400 years ago and peple still today are

going to theatres all over the world to see his plays. His works have been translated

into more than 80 languages, from Arabic to Zulu, and more than 1,500 films have

been based on his plays. But, why is Shakespeare still so popular? The answer is

simple: there is something for everyone in his plays and poems! He wrote about

love, marriage, war, murdred, friendship, ambition, the need to make difficult

choises.. in other words he wrote about life.

8 Spartà Aurora, Classe III A, Santa Domenica Vittoria, Anno Scolastico 2015-2016

“Romeo and Juliet”

Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play, wrote by William Shakespeare. The story of the

two protagonists have changed over time as a symbolic value, becoming the

archetype of perfect love, but opposed by the company. The story is set in Verona,

on the late 1500s. The main characters are: Romeo Montague, a young boy; Juliet

Capulet, a young girl; Friar Laurence, Romeo’s friend; Paris, a boy who want to

marry Juliet; Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin. The story develops this way: Romeo

Montague and Juliet Capulet are two teenagers who came from Verona. The two

boys, met at Juliets’family’s party, exchanged a few words, but enough to make

them fall in love with each other and to push them to kiss each other. Before the

ball ends, the Nurse tells Juliet called Romeo who learns that the girl is the

daughter of the Capulets. Then Romeo takes leave from his friends and, risking

his life, lingering in the garden of the Capulets after the end of the party. During

the famous balcony scene, the two boys declare their love and decide to get

families are rivals and Juliet’s family wants her to marry

married in secret but their

Paris. The next day, with the help of Balia, the Franciscan Friar Laurence marries

Romeo and Juliet, hoping that their union can bring peace between their families,

but their love is a star-crossed. Unfortunatly, things get worse when Tybalt,

Juliet's cousin with an irascible temper, meets Romeo and attempts to provoke

him to a duel. Romeo refuses to fight against the one who is now also her cousin,

but Mercutio (unaware of what) takes up the challenge. Trying to separate them,

Romeo inadvertently allows Mercutio Tybalt to hurt, dying wishing "a plague on

both your families." Romeo, wrath, kills Tybalt to avenge his friend so he was

forced to run away to Mantova. Friar Laurence and Juliet make a plan which will

permit the two lovers to be togheter again. First she will drink a sleeping potion

and everyone will think she’s dead. Then Friar Laurence will send a letter to

Romeo in Mantova who will come and rescue Juliet and they will live happily

ever after. However, the Friar’s plan doesn’t work. Romeo doesn’t receive the

message. When he hears taht Juliet is dead, he decides to go to her tomb. Outside

the tomb, Romeo meets Paris and kills him, while Romeo, after looking tenderly

Juliet one last time and about to reach her in death, poisons himself in the famous

phrase: "And so with a kiss I die '. Juliet at the sight of Paris and Romeo dead

beside her, commits suicide by stabbing with the knife of the latter, to join him in

death. In the final scene, the two families and the Prince Escalus flock to the tomb,

where the Friar Lawrence finally reveals the love and secret marriage of Romeo

and Juliet. The two families, are reconciled by the blood of their sons and put an

end to their bloody disputes, while the prince cursed them for their hatred that

caused the death of their joys. Finally the prince goes away uttering the last

sentence of the tragedy: {{A sad peace brings with it this morning: the sun,

distressed, will not show his face. Let's talk more of these sad events. Some will

9 Spartà Aurora, Classe III A, Santa Domenica Vittoria, Anno Scolastico 2015-2016

have forgiveness, others a punishment. Because there never was a story so full of

pain like this of Juliet and her Romeo. |} On my opinion, the best part of the play

was the “balcony scene”. Romeo and Juliet confessed their love and she tells

Romeo taht it doesn’t metter what his name is, she will always love him. “What’s

in a name? That which we call rose by another word would smell as sweet?”, and

I strangely "appreciated" even the final scene, where I found that love itself

between the two lovers is an oxymoron, a living paradox that unable to be resolved

wins death itself, and it is death that gives life and light up the night ecstasy largest

proven by the beloved Romeo views. What the day had denied the two lovers,

from the recognition of their union to the celebration of a marriage is finally

granted in the crypt, the church on the altar triumphs love deeper, that also infects

finally their families.

10 Spartà Aurora, Classe III A, Santa Domenica Vittoria, Anno Scolastico 2015-2016 Storia

Il fascismo e la propaganda che lo rese forte.

La crisi economica.

L’Italia uscita vittoriosa dalla Grande Guerra, aveva pagato molto cara la sua

vittoria, sia in perdite umane sia sul piano economico, sociale e morale. Molti

furono, di conseguenza, i problemi che il Paese fu chiamato ad affrontare:

L’altissimo debito pubblico causato dalle spese

o sostenute dallo Stato

durante la guerra. Per affrontare i costi del conflitto il Governo era

ricorso alla sottoscrizione di prestiti nazionali da parte dei cittadini, ai

crediti degli Stati Uniti, all’emissione di una grande quantità di

banconote e questo contribuì a una forte svalutazione della lira.

o La rapida inflazione che seguì la svalutazione: il costo della vita aumentò

vertiginosamente.

o La riconversione industriale che rallentò la ripresa produttiva. Diminuì di

conseguenza la richiesta di manodopera e aumentò la disoccupazione.

La crisi dell’agricoltura, conseguenza dell’abbandono dei campi durante

o la guerra.

Lo scontento per “La vittoria mutilata”, in quanto non fu riconosciuto

o all’Italia il possesso di Fiume e della Dalmazia.

o La disparità economica tra Nord e Sud.

Il biennio rosso.

Tra il 1919 e il 1920, nel periodo che passò alla storia con il nome di biennio

rosso, le organizzazioni sindacali diedero vita a una lunga serie di scioperi

che coinvolsero città come Torino, Milano e Genova, che ebbero come