Concetti Chiave
- The Restoration of 1660 marked the return of Charles II as king, with conditions for power-sharing and religious tolerance, but he executed those responsible for his father's death.
- The Test Act of 1673 restricted Roman Catholics from holding public positions, a law that wasn't repealed until 1828.
- Charles II's reign was marred by immorality, leading to interpretations of the Great Plague and the London Fire as divine punishment.
- Secret treaties with France and political maneuvers led to the formation of political parties: the Wigs and the Tories.
- The succession crisis and religious tensions led to William of Orange's ascent to the throne in 1689, ending James II's reign.
In 1661 Charles summoned the parliament and during his reign a series of acts were passed, among them the test act
(a law passed in England in 1673 which prevented Roman Catholics from holding any official public position, including becoming Members of Parliament, studying at a university or joining military forces. The law stated that people had to be members of the Church of England -Anglicans- to do any of these things. It was not cancelled until 1828. )
Charles II's court was the most immoral in English history and when 2 great tragedies took place, the great plague and the fire of London, people interpreted them as god's punishment for his immorality.
A new dutch war broke out in 1668 and England made a triple alliance with Holland and Sweden against France. However Charles II made a secret treat with France in return of some money. They agreed that Charles was to announce his conversion to Catholicism, and the french troops were allowed to enter England in case of opposition.
To avoid the return of a catholic king to the throne, the parliament brought in a bill, the exclusion bill, in 1680, to exclude charles' brother, James, from the throne. So the king decided to dissolve the parliament, and in 1681 another parliament was formed. In this period we see the birth of two parties: the Wigh (supported the exclusion bill) and the Tories (conservatives, supported the king). The bill was passed by the house of commons but rejected by the house of lords. So the succession wasn't modified,but Charles was forced to exile James to Bruxelles. The parliament no longer met during Charle's reign, that ended in 1685.
in 1685 James II came back from his exile. He was catholic (married Mary of Modena in 1660), and attempted to give equal rights to both Catholics and protestants. However the difference between the two religions leaded to conflict with parliament.
In 1688 James had a second son and the protestants, fearing another catholic king, appealed William of Orange, (husband of Jame's daughter, Mary). So he landed in England in November 1688, and was crowned with his wife in 1689.
Domande da interrogazione
- ¿Qué condiciones aceptó Carlos II para su regreso al trono en 1660?
- ¿Qué ley importante se aprobó durante el reinado de Carlos II y cuál fue su impacto?
- ¿Cómo reaccionó la gente a las tragedias durante el reinado de Carlos II?
- ¿Qué evento llevó a la coronación de Guillermo de Orange en 1689?
Carlos II aceptó dar un perdón general, compartir el poder con el parlamento y permitir la tolerancia religiosa.
Se aprobó el Test Act en 1673, que impedía a los católicos romanos ocupar cargos públicos oficiales, estudiar en universidades o unirse a las fuerzas militares, y no fue cancelada hasta 1828.
La gente interpretó la gran plaga y el incendio de Londres como un castigo divino por la inmoralidad de la corte de Carlos II.
El nacimiento del segundo hijo de Jacobo II en 1688, que generó temor entre los protestantes de tener otro rey católico, llevó a que apelaran a Guillermo de Orange, quien fue coronado junto a su esposa María en 1689.
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