Concetti Chiave
- Edwardian Age marked by social changes, including the Entente Cordiale (1904) aligning Britain with France and Russia.
- Introduction of the "Daily Mail" in 1896 made news accessible with short articles for a half-penny.
- Women's Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903, advocating for women's suffrage through activism.
- Significant social reforms: minimum pension, minimum wages, and Welfare State initiatives between 1906 and 1911.
- The Irish Republic first proclaimed in 1916, leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1921 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.
The Edwardian Age
After the death of Queen Victoria, her son Edward VII became king. His reign lasted from 1901 to 1910 but was characterised by many social changes.
Politics:
• The Entente Cordiale in 1904: an agreement in which was stated that Britain could pursue its interest in Egypt, and France in Morocco
• A new alignment of Europe: Britain, France and Russia; Germany, Austria and Italy
Social:
• The introduction of the “Daily Mail” (1896), that offered simple and short articles for everybody, and cost only half a penny
• The foundation of the Women’s Social and Political Union, by Emmeline Pankhurst (1903), which demanded vote for women. They held many riots and believed in “Deeds not Words”.
• The extension and electrification of the London underground (1905)
• The Liberals won the general election in 1906: the party was divided into two groups, the traditionalists and the New Liberals, who thought that the government had the responsibility to look after the poor
• The Children’s Charter (1906-08): a series of laws to help children
• The introduction of a minimum pension of £21 a year
• The fixation of minimum wages (1909)
• The Welfare State (1911)
• The Parliament Act (1911), with which was stated the House of Lords couldn’t reject a bill about money anymore, and that general elections would be at least every 5 years
• Vote for women aged over 30 (1918)
The Irish Republic
The first time the Irish Republic was proclaimed was on Easter Monday 1916. Two years after the rebellion had been crushed, in 1918, the Irish set up an Irish Parliament in Dublin and proclaimed for the second time the birth of their Republic. In 1919 the Irish Volunteers became the Irish Republican Army and in 1921 the Irish Free State was established under the leadership of Eamon de Valera, while the six predominantly protestant states stayed under the domain of the British Empire, with their own parliament in Belfast. The official proclamation of the Republic of Ireland took place in 1949.
Domande da interrogazione
- What were some significant social changes during the Edwardian Age?
- How did the political landscape of Europe change during Edward VII's reign?
- What were the key events leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State?
The Edwardian Age saw numerous social changes, including the introduction of the "Daily Mail" in 1896, which provided accessible news to the public, and the foundation of the Women's Social and Political Union by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1903, advocating for women's suffrage. Additionally, the London underground was extended and electrified in 1905, and the Liberals' victory in the 1906 general election led to social reforms like the Children's Charter and the introduction of a minimum pension.
During Edward VII's reign, the political landscape of Europe shifted with the formation of the Entente Cordiale in 1904, allowing Britain to focus on Egypt and France on Morocco. This period also saw a new alignment of European powers, with Britain, France, and Russia on one side, and Germany, Austria, and Italy on the other.
The key events leading to the establishment of the Irish Free State included the proclamation of the Irish Republic on Easter Monday 1916, the formation of an Irish Parliament in Dublin in 1918, and the transformation of the Irish Volunteers into the Irish Republican Army in 1919. These efforts culminated in the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1921 under Eamon de Valera's leadership, with the official proclamation of the Republic of Ireland occurring in 1949.
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