Concetti Chiave
- The end of the 19th century saw a decline in Victorian values, with faith in science and progress initially promising an end to human misery.
- The aftermath of World War I left a sense of cynicism, with societal comforts mostly limited to the privileged, and many soldiers grappling with trauma and guilt.
- Freud introduced the idea that human actions could be driven by irrational forces, challenging traditional family dynamics and emphasizing early childhood's importance.
- Einstein's theory of relativity contributed to a crisis of confidence, shaking the belief in time and space's solidity and influencing artistic rebellion.
- Literature became central in addressing the era's feelings of isolation and alienation, using complex structures and references to depict the chaotic world.
The age of anxiety
At the end of 19th century the Victorian values come to an end and the positivistic faith in science and progress had led people to believe that all human misery would be swept away (spazzati via) and economy was affected by this believe.
The first World World left the country in a cynic mood and there was a contradictory development because the 1920s there were comfortable only for the privileged classes. A lot of soldiers died, some survivors returned home with a frantic (disperata) search of pleasure, other were hunted by a sense of guilty for the horror of war. There was a increasing feeling of rootlessness (pedita delle proprie radici) due to the slow dissolution of Empire into Commonwealth.
Nothing seemed to be right or certain even if religion science offer comfort or security. Scientist destroyed the old Victorian concepts and put the man and the centre of universe.
Freud gave the new idea that the man’s action could be motivated by irrational forces, and this concept w disturbed the common think. Freud also put great importance to libido in child that sees the father as a rival for his mother’s affection. In this vision changed all the effect into the sphere of family life , the relationship between parents and child , he put attention on the importance of early development and childhood, the conventional model of relationship between sexes were readjusted .
Freud proposed a new method of investigation of human mind through the analysis of dream. and concept of “free association “ which influenced the modern writers.
Jund continued Freud'studies and added the concept of “Collective unconscious” a sort of cultural memory containing universal myths and beliefs.. That meants that common things of everyday world had a great symbolic power and people responded to them unconsciously.
The concept of Relativity introduced by Einstain , caused the growing crisis of confidence (crisi di fiducia dei valori) because he discarded the concept of time and space , so the world lost his solidity and there was complemented by rebellion against a lot of form of art.
the idea of time
Bergson made a distinction:
• historical time: external, linear and measured in term of the spatial distance travelled by a pendulum or the hands of a clock.
• psychological time: internal, subjective and measured by the relative emotional intensity of a moment.
in the social sphere increasing knowledge tended to shake faith essential rightness of western ways of behavior.
for Freud man was a part of nature, a biological and psychological phenomenon. Under the influence of the idea of Nietzsche that substituted Christian morality with a belief in human power and perfectibility, the Christian notions of man that can be save by God’s graces. lost it former strength.
very people so turned to esoteric beliefs. The English philosophy became analytic, focusing on the study of language: rectify (rettificare) the knowledge possessed.
Centrality of literature as a guide to the perplexities of an age whose keywords were isolation, alienation.
through elaborate structure, allusion, literary references, images and myths, the modern writer expressed the impossibility of mastering (padroneggiare) the chaotic universe.
Domande da interrogazione
- Quali furono le conseguenze della fine dei valori vittoriani alla fine del XIX secolo?
- Come influenzarono Freud e Jung la comprensione della mente umana?
- Quali furono le implicazioni della teoria della relatività di Einstein?
- Come Bergson distinse il tempo storico dal tempo psicologico?
- Qual era il ruolo della letteratura nell'era dell'ansia?
La fine dei valori vittoriani portò a una crisi di fiducia nei confronti della scienza e del progresso, con un impatto sull'economia e un sentimento di cinismo dopo la Prima Guerra Mondiale.
Freud introdusse l'idea che le azioni umane potessero essere motivate da forze irrazionali e sottolineò l'importanza della libido e dello sviluppo infantile, mentre Jung aggiunse il concetto di "inconscio collettivo", influenzando profondamente la letteratura moderna.
La teoria della relatività di Einstein causò una crisi di fiducia nei valori tradizionali, poiché mise in discussione i concetti di tempo e spazio, contribuendo a una ribellione contro molte forme d'arte.
Bergson distinse il tempo storico come esterno, lineare e misurato spazialmente, mentre il tempo psicologico era interno, soggettivo e misurato dall'intensità emotiva di un momento.
La letteratura divenne centrale come guida per affrontare le perplessità di un'epoca caratterizzata da isolamento e alienazione, esprimendo l'impossibilità di padroneggiare un universo caotico attraverso strutture elaborate e riferimenti letterari.
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