Lingua inglese - Paniere completo

02. WRITE SOME BASIC GRAMMATICAL RULES APPLYING TO MODAL VERBS

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01. Do you know where Mary is ? She _____ be out: her bag is on the chair

must

could

can't

might

02. You _______take insect repellant if you're coming near a lake.

'd better

'rather

would better

better

03. That's the second house they have bought this year. They _______ be very rich

might

must

could

can

04. Which is the most defective verb ? It is ___________________

shall

can

must

will 36

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05. If I had gone to the University of Tokyo, I _________ participated in their Japanese

immersion program.

will

could have

might

can

06. ________we move in the dining room ? Lunch is served !

don't

must

will

shall

07. John __________hear the teacher because the students were talking so loudly

might not

can't

shouldn't

couldn't

08. We ________not have bought enough biscuits for everyone

may

must

need

can

09. You ______ worry, it'll be done

no need

don't need

need not to

need not

10. SUMMARIZE THE STORY OF HELEN KELLER IN 120-150 WORDS.

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01. WHAT ARE DEFECTIVE VERBS ? WRITE SOME BASIC GRAMMATICAL RULES

APPLYING TO DEFECTIVE VERBS

called ‘defective’ verbs, because they have no past, infinitive, continuous or

Modal verbs are also

participle tenses. For this reason they must be replaced by other verbs in the missing tenses. They can

be considered as auxiliaries. The modal verbs are: Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought

to, will and would.

They are followed by a bare infinitive (without ‘to’), with the exception of ‘ought to’:

E.g. - I can drive (NOT I can to drive) = Io so guidare - You ought to come =Dovresti venire.

– You should not (shouldn’t) be so nervous

The negative is formed by adding NOT to the modal: E.g.

= non dovresti essere così nervosa.

Since they obey to the same rules of the auxiliaries, they form the interrogative by inverting the

–

subject and the verb: E.g. Can I drive? = Posso guidare?

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–s

They have no final in the third person singular of the simple present: E.g She can swim = Lei sa

nuotare He must go = Lui deve andare ; It could work = Potrebbe funzionare

02. "COULD VS WAS/WERE ABLE TO". EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE IN MEANING

AND WRITE SOME EXAMPLES

CAN is more used then ‘to be able to’, but ‘TO BE ABLE TO’ can be used to stress the capability of

doing something, in Italian ‘essere in grado’: E.g. My sister is able to paint wonderful landscapes, but

she isn’t able to paint portraits. = Mia sorella è in grado di dipingere meravigliosi paesaggi, ma non

è in grado di dipingere ritratti.

We use COULD (past simple of ‘can’) and WAS/WERE ABLE TO (past of ‘to be able to’). But in

this case there is a difference in meaning when they are used in affirmative sentences: COULD

expresses a general ability or capability in the past (=potevo, ero capace di), and it normally translates

the Italian ‘imperfetto’: E.g. When I was young I could walk 10 miles Quand’ero giovane potevo

=

camminare per 10 miglia

WAS/WERE ABLE TO expresses a possibility or capability demonstrated in a specific situation, but

not a personal ability. It translates the Italian ‘passato remoto’ and ‘passato prossimo’ : E.g. We were

able to go to the seaside because he was given his wage = Fummo in grado di andare al mare perché

gli fu dato lo stipendio.

When a negative sentence is required remember that the differences in meaning almost disappear:

– I couldn’t/wasn’t able to drive, but my boyfriend taught me

E.g. = Non ero capace di guidare, ma

il mio ragazzo mi insegnò

She couldn’t/wasn’t able to cook, and her husband was always complaining

- = Lei non sapeva

cucinare e suo marito si lamentava sempre

Missing tenses For all the missing tenses CAN and COULD are replaced by the corresponding tenses

of TO BE ABLE TO. LEZIONE 026

01. You ___ eat or drink in the library. It is not allowed.

needn't

shouldn't

mustn't

didn't need

02. I knew that we had enough bread and that I ______ any.

needn't have got

needn't need to got

didn't need to buy

needn't have bought

03. I ______ my umbrella. It's turned out very sunny.

didn't need to bring

didn't need to buy

didn't need to get

needn't have brought

04. You _________to pay to go into the museum. It was free.

ought

needn't

should

didn't need 38

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05. THERE IS A GLOBAL YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT CRISIS. WRITE YOUR OPINION

ABOUT IT IN 100-150 WORDS

06. WHICH ARE THE STRUCTURES TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE IN ENGLISH?

The most common ways to render a future are: will, to be going to, the present continuous tense

and the simple present tense.

The future with ‘will’ is used:

• To make a prevision, to talk about what we think will happen in the future, especially with

‘probably’, ‘maybe’, ‘I think’, ‘I expect’, ‘I hope’.

E.g. I hope he won’t come home late

In Italian we use the verbs ‘think’ (pensare), ‘believe’ (credere), ‘be sure’ (essere sicuri) followed by

an infinitive. In English they can be followed by a future tense.

E.g. Sheila thinks she’ll buy that house = Sheila pensa di comprare quella casa

• To express a decision made at the same time as we speak:

E.g. The phone’s ringing, I’ll take it.

• To talk about a future event that doesn’t depend on the intention or on the will of the speaker.

E.g. I’ll be 35 next July.

TO BE GOING TO

This kind of future is very common in English, especially in the spoken language.

• The affirmative form is obtained with the structure: SUBJECT + TO BE GOING TO +

INFINITIVE

The future with ‘to be going to’ is used:

• To talk about decisions, projects, plans, intentions made before the time of speaking:

E.g. We are going to play soccer next Sunday (planned action)

• To make a prevision based on what we can hear and see in the present.

E.g. Look at the sky, it’s going to rain.

‘will’ or ‘be going to’,

In many cases you can use either without a clear distinction in meaning.

Just remember that ‘will’ is more common in formal and written English, while ‘be going to’ is more

common in spoken English.

We use the to talk about things in the future which are on a timetable or schedule.

present simple

For example:

• The plane arrives at 12.20 at night.

• start?

What time does the meeting

We use the present simple for future reference in subordinate clauses after words like when, before, as

soon as, after, until:

• I’ll call you get

when I there.

• Don’t forget to ring go.

before you

We can use the to talk about arrangements in the future

present continuous

For example:

• meeting

We’re outside the cinema at 8.00.

• They’re coming to ours for dinner on Saturday.

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01. "DARE": USE, DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES.

‘Dare’ is a verb which is very similar to ‘need’, not in meaning, but because they both can be used

verbs or as ordinary verbs. The main Italian translations for ‘dare’ are: sfidare,

as auxiliary-modal

affrontare, osare, ardire, arrischiare.

In the affirmative ‘dare’ is conjugated like an ordinary verb. But in the negative and interrogative in

can be conjugated either like an ordinary verb or like a modal.

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As an ordinary verb • it takes the full infinitive with ‘to’ (even if it can be omitted) E.g. He doesn’t

dare (to) interrupt = Non osa interrompere

When used as a modal, ‘dare’

• takes the bare infinitive (without ‘to’) E.g. I daren’t say what I think = Non oso dire quello che

penso

•IT Is used only in negative and interrogative sentences

The ordinary verb construction is more commonly used, especially in negative sentences: E.g. She

doesn’t dare to go out at night = Non osa andare fuori la sera

We can normally use ‘daren’t’ to express fear to do something:

E.g. I daren’t look = Non ho il coraggio di guardare

‘Dare’ is not much used in the affirmative except in the expression: ‘I daresay’ (or ‘I dare say’).

‘I suppose’ (it’s probable) E.g.

This expression may have two meanings: 1. - I daresay there will be

a restaurant car on the train = Suppongo ci sarà un vagone ristorante sul treno

- I daresay it will rain tomorrow = Suppongo/è probabile che domani pioverà

- I daresay you want a drink = Suppongo che tu voglia un drink

2. ‘I accept what you say, but it doesn’t make any difference’. In this case it’s used only for the first

person singular of the simple present: E.g. Policeman: I daresay you didn’t know it, but I must fine

you anyway for speeding = Posso credere che non lo sapevate, ma io devo multarvi lo stesso per

eccesso di velocità.

The expression ‘How dare(d) you/he/they/etc?’ can express indignation: (I’m angry with you

E.g. -How dared you read my diary? = Come hai osato leggere il mio diario?

for reading my diary) (I’m indignant)

- How dared he complain? = Come ha osato lamentarsi?

Dare’ is also an ordinary intransitive verb with the meaning of ‘challenge’, but only to deeds

requiring courage. The structure is: Dare + object + full infinitive

E.g. A: Why did you jump off the window? = Perché sei saltato giù dalla finestra?

B: Because Tom dared me to do it. = Perché Tom mi ha sfidato a farlo.

02. WHAT IS VIOLENCE ? WRITE YOUR OPINION ABOUT IT.

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01. Unless you ______ over 18, she ___________ any cigarett