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Writing and Research Skills
The reason why students carry out extended academic writing activities includes the following:
- to express their ideas
- to provide evidence to support their ideas
- to show they can dispute or support existing theories
- to demonstrate knowledge based on reading, conferences, and similar academic experiences
Critical thinking is a fundamental feature. Understanding what is relevant and what is not, to recognize the author's intention for writing that book or essay (to inform, to persuade, refute, or support a particular thesis).
Before you start writing, it is recommendable to brainstorm (preliminary phase). Brainstorming involves writing down as many ideas as you can about a given topic. A thesis is the acquisition and dissemination of new knowledge. In order to demonstrate this, the author must demonstrate understanding of what the relevant state of the art is and what are the strengths and weaknesses of this situation.
Types of Writing
- Essay for examination: traditional text written during an exam;
- Lab report: describes lab research;
- Field study report: describes academic research;
- PowerPoint slide: summarizes the content of an oral speech;
- Wiki: a collaborative website which can be directly edited by anyone who accesses to it;
- Blog: an online space where people can share ideas about a specific domain (food, hobbies, etc.) and receive comments;
- Extended essay: written papers usually made during the academic career (at the end of a course or during a written exam);
- Dissertation: the final work students provide when they finish university. It can be Bachelor of Arts (also called BA, it's what we call Triennale in Italy) or Master of Arts (also called MA, it's what we call Magistrale in Italy);
PHASES
There are 3 PHASES to follow when you have to write an EXTENDED PAPER:
Phase I: PLANNING
- decide on a topic;
- check any available/accessible sources;
- think about a title that describes the content of your writing;
- make a rough outline;
- try to establish a clear focus: what's the core of your writing? What are you trying to demonstrate with it?
- plan the contents in detail.
Phase II: RESEARCHING
- go to the library or use the internet: use online libraries such as JSTOR, academia.edu, ResearchGate; Google Scholar to find the ultimate essays published on a specific argument;
- list the sources you have consulted during your research. Tip: DO NOT do it at the end of the process otherwise you will forget some source;
- highlight the most relevant information; take notes, make schemes or summaries if it helps you;
- read everything you have found;
- if you still have doubts or uncertainties, do more research.
Phase III: WRITING UP
- write the first draft of your paper;
- review and revise your draft;
- edit for grammar, spelling, and punctuation;
- proofread your paper;
- make any necessary final adjustments;
- submit your paper.
Your paper;
- Read it carefully;
- Ask yourself: is it clear? Did I express my idea in the best way possible? Do I need to add anything else? (Remember: you are the best critic of your work; nobody knows your research better than you (privileged position). To write a clear and detailed paper, do not give any information for granted and write as if the person that would read your work didn't know anything about the topic. This tip will help you explain things adequately. Editing is an essential part of writing too).
- Do not work alone: always find someone that would read your paper: it is good to have an external opinion about what you've done, because you spent too much time and energy working on it and could no longer be able to read it with the critic's eye. Moreover, you are knowledgeable of the topic, so you may jump to conclusion because you are very familiar with the issue, but not everyone can do the same: a supervisor or a reviewer can help you understand.
5- after the tutorial (the process we described at point 4), complete your writing, including bibliography, abstracts and other required information.
Finally, let's have a look at the basic structure your paper should have to be complete:
- Introduction
- Main body
- Conclusion
Lez. 26
HOW TO USE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR IDEAS
Providing evidence to support your ideas is fundamental: evidence gives your work more academic weight.
Using the ideas of other people (scholars, for example) is another essential aspect of academic writing. That's because when writing academically, students are not expected to write their own ideas.
Critical thinking is fundamental to academic study: students have to:
- to demonstrate they have read, understood and evaluated an article;
- they know how to select sources to support their point of view;
- they know how to use ideas coming from other sources.
There are several reasons to
read a text: to expand our knowledge, to confirm our understanding, for intellectual curiosity, to refute or support an argument, among others. One of the most important aspects of writing an academic assignment is that you are expected to organize and express your ideas 'in your own terms': to frame something in your own terms means that your reader expects to read about your point of view. However, you must support your point of view with evidence from the scientific literature (that is, the essays or books you have gathered), from collecting data, or from experiments. By supporting your opinion with ideas and information from the literature, you are strengthening your viewpoint and therefore providing a more compelling argument. Such evidence is expected in academic writing. You will therefore have to read selectively in order toidentify thе rеlevаntinfo︎ rmаtio︎ n.
POSSIBLE WAYS TO APPROACH A TEXT
You can approach a text in several ways. Let’s see:
- reading carefully to understand everything
- looking up the meaning of all unfamiliar words
- checking the contents раgе of books оr journals bеfоrе rеаding (by reading the INDEX or the ABSTRACTS provided by the editors of the issues to have a general idea of the contents).
- summarizing every chapter оr section (to quickly find the information you need without reading the whole book/essay).
- reading оnl︎ y sections relevant to needs
- noting rеfеrеn︎ c еs аnd bibliographical details while rеаding
- skimming (scremare) the whole text, noting most relevant sections
- reading the introduction and conclusion first (you’ll have a general idea of the premises and the main goals).
- surveying the text randomly for information (focus on keywords, so that you have a general idea of the contents).
- reading as quickly as possible (to
1. UNDERSTAND THE TEXT. Before you can summarize a text, you need to fully understand its content and main ideas.
2. HIGHLIGHT KEY POINTS. Identify the most important information and ideas in the text. This will help you focus on the main points when you express them in writing.
3. MAKING NOTES. It is essential for two reasons: 1) To clearly identify the main points of the text; 2) To use your notes as the basis of writing. In this case, the purpose is to write a summary, but in your project of essay you will often use your notes as the basis for expressing a writer's ideas in your own words (with appropriate referencing, of course).
4. PUT THE ORIGINAL AWAY. Write your summary using YOUR OWN NOTES as a stimulus, without looking at the original text again. This will make it easier to summarize in your own words.
5. CHECK AGAINST THE ORIGINAL TEXT. When you have finished your summary, you may want to read the original text again to ensure you have all the information you need.
The NOW Approach
The NOW Approach is a method to develop the ability in summarizing texts effectively.
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