Inglese B - Grammatica e domande aperte

INFORMATION.

When we use the Present Perfect Simple, there is a connection with NOW.

Examples: The police have arrested the thief. She told me her name, but I’ve forgotten

it (I can remember it now).

We often use time words (just, already and yet) with the Present Perfect Simple:

JUST: a short time ago;

 ALREADY = sooner than we expected;

 YET = until now.



When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, a period

which is NOT FINISHED at the time of speaking, we use the Present Perfect Simple.

We often use EVER and NEVER : Have you ever been in Japan? Or I have NEVER

eaten caviar. We use also THIS YEAR, TODAY, SINCE LUNCH, THIS WEEK , are all

periods of time which ARE NOT FINISHED at the time of speaking.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: It forms by SUBJECT + PRESENT

SIMPLE of HAVE + BEEN (past participle of to be) INFINITIVE + -ING.

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to speak about an activity or an action that has

RECENTLY STOPPED or JUST STOPPED. There is a connection with NOW. We can

use the Present Perfect Continuous to speak about ACTION REPEATED over a period of

time.

Examples: You look very tired. Have you been working a lot? Or The garden is very wet

because it has been raining since yesterday.

We often use HOW LONG, FOR and SINCE ex. How long have you been studying

English? I have been studying English for two years.

PAST SIMPLE: It Forms by SUBJECT + VERB (2 COLUMN).

When we use past simple:

1. The action must have taken place in the past and be finished the moment you

are speaking.

2. The time in which the action took place must be expressed in the sentence or

context.

3. The time expressed must be passed and finished while speaking.

PAST CONTINUOUS ( or PROGRESSIVE) It forms by SUBJECT + PAST

SIMPLE of BE + BARE INFINITE + ING.

We often use the Past Continuous and the Past Simple together to say that something

happened in the middle of something else.

I USED TO (DO) SUBJECT + USED TO + INFINITIVE



‘I used to do’ is something PAST. There is NO PRESENT. We cannot say ‘I use to do’. It

means something happened in the PAST, but does not happen anymore. We also use

used to… for things that WERE TRUE, BUT ARE NOT ANYMORE. We use it to talk about

something that has CHANGED.

I AM USED TO (DOING) SUBJECT + BE + USED + TO + GERUND/NOUN



I am used to something means that it is not new, strange or difficult for me. We can

use this structure both for the present and for the past. After be/get used, you

CANNOT USE THE INFINITIVE. We can also use this structure in the past, when it means

a HABIT in the PAST.

WOULD

‘he/she wouldn’t do something, it means he/she refused to do something. Sometimes

would/wouldn’t is the past of will/won’t. We often use IF in sentences with would.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Present Participles are mainly used to form Continuous tense forms (The present

participle goes after the verb be and form the present continuous) es. they are waiting

us. But the Present Participle can also be used as an active adjective, that describes

the effect on people or things, es. he’s an interesting person.

Present Participles are often confused with Gerunds. Although Gerunds and Present

Participles look alike, they have totally different grammatical properties. Gerunds

serve the same purpose as nouns. They can be the subject or object of a verb or

preposition (es. smoking is bad for yor health)

PAST PARTICIPLE

Past Participles are forms like wanted, broken, started, begun etc. Regular verbs have

the same past simple and past participle forms. In the case of irregular verbs, the Past

Participle is the 3rd column of the paradigm.

MODAL VERBS

A modal is a type of auxiliary (or “helping”) verb that is used to express: ability,

possibility, permission or obligation. Modals are always followed by the bare infinitive.

CAN / MAY / MUST / SHOULD / WILL / WOULD / COULD / MIGHT.

TOO (TOO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + INFINITIVE or TOO + ADJECTIVE /

ADVERB + FOR SOMEBODY )

Too takes on the sense of too much, excessive, if combined with an adjective or an

adverb and an infinitive.

ENOUGH (ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE or ENOUGH +

PLURAL NOUN or ENOUGH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN or ADJECTIVE +

ENOUGH + FOR SOMEBODY/SOMETHING)

FUTURE FORMS:

 We use the Present Simple for something scheduled: Tomorrow is your birthday!

 We use the Present Continuous for plans or arrangements: We‘re playing

football on Saturday

 We use Be Going To + base form to talk about plans or intentions: I'm going to

drive to work today

 We use Be Going To + base form to make predictions based on evidence we can

see: Be careful! You are going to fall

 We use Will + base form to express beliefs about the future: It will be a nice day

tomorrow.

 We use Will + base form to mean want to or be willing to: I hope Tony will come

to my party

 We use Will + base form to make or talk about offers and promises: They'll send

me a fax

 We use May, Might and Could + base form when we are not sure about the

future: Take an umbrella with you. It may rain later

 We use Should + base form if we think there's a good chance of something

happening: The film should be over by six o'clock

QUESTION TAGS :

Question tags (or tag questions) turn a statement into a question. If the main clause is

positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause is negative, the question

tag is positive.

COUNTABLE NOUNS (SOMETHING YOU CAN COUNT)

Can be singular and plural and we can use numbers before them. We can used a/an

with singular countable nouns, we cannot use singular countable nouns alone but we

can use plural countable nouns alone.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (SOMETHING YOU CANNOT COUNT IT)

Are only one form (es.rice), we cannot use the numbers before the uncountable nouns.

We can use uncountable nouns alone.

QUANTIFIERS

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or

quantity: ‘Some’, ‘many’, ‘a lot of’ and ‘a few’ are examples of quantifiers. Quantifiers

can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (SUBJECT + PAST SIMPLE of HAVE = HAD +

PAST PARTICIPLE)

We use the Past Perfect Simple to talk about something that happened in the past. Es

they had run.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ( SUBJECT + PAST SIMPLE of HAVE (HAD)

+ PAST PARTICIPLE of BE (BEEN) + INFINITIVE+ING)

We use the Past Perfect Continuous to say that something had been happening for a

period of time before something else happened, often expressed in the Past Simple or

Past Perfect

THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

When we use an ACTIVE verb, we say what the subject does: es. I eat the apple;

When we use the PASSIVE verb, we say what happens to the subject: The apple is

eaten by me.

PASSIVE VOICE SUBJECT + BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (REGULAR VERB +



ED, IRREGULAR 3 COLUMN)

* The Passive is not very common in the Present and Past Perfect Continuous tenses.

ZERO CONDITIONAL (IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE + , + PRESENT

SIMPLE)

We use the Zero Conditional to speak about natural laws or general truths, es. if we

heat ice, it melts.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL (IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT SIMPLE + , + FUTURE

SIMPLE (WILL + BASE FORM)

We use the type 1 conditional to refer to the present or future when the situation is

real and will probably happen in the future. Es. If you don’t study enough, you won’t

pass your exams.

IF & UNLESS

Unless simply means except if or if...not / if there isn’t / if there aren’t.

Mark will fail his exam, unless he studies.

 Mark will fail his exam, if he doesn’t study.



DOMANDE APERTE

1. What to you do to protect the environment ?

To protect the environment we can do many things : we should reduce the

amount of waste what we produce and we should throw the trash in the

apposital trash bin or we make a green choice like to prefer the eletric car or the

bycicle for our displacements. We should dimish the use of water for exemple to

turning the water off when we brushing our teeth.

2. What do you think of the climate change problem ?

I think that the climate change problem it’s a seriously issue. We will must to do

somenthing now for change this situation. The humans are the principal

responsable of this problem.

3. How importanti is waste disposal?

Waste disposal it’s a very important thing. A correct waste disposal reduce the

pollution of environment both in eart and in the sea. The conseguences are that

we will live in a clear planet without a several amount of waste in the

environment like now.

4. What are the two most common energy types we use?

The two most common energy types that we use are the non-renewable energy

and the renewable energy.

5. What is the main difference between fossil fuels and renewable energy

sources? Which one do you prefer? Please explain

The fossil fuels are part of the non-renewable energy, this is the energy

currently most used, but this is also a bad thing for the planet. Infact the non-

renewable energy increase the pollution in the earth, in the air and in the sea.

We must prefer the renewable energy that work with the solar and wind power

and will assist the fight against the climate change.

6. What benefits should tourists bring to a town?

Tourists bring much benefit to a town. When a person is in holiday he spend his

money for booking a hotel room or an apartments, or for eat in restaurant or for

buy a souvenir etc.. In this way the tourist contibute to economy of the country.

Also much tourists need much worker people to meet the demand. Another

positive fact of the phenomenon of tourism is the cultural exchange between

the different people.

7. What features of your holiday do you enjoy the most? Why?

All of my holidays are features by a wonderful places, a cristal clear water, a

total relax and fun. I research these thing when i go to the holiday beacuse i

need to break the routine and enjoy the sea the company and the relax.

8. Do you usually buy only what you need when you go shopping or do

you end up buying unnecessary things?

I usually buy only necessary things, because i don’t want to spend too much

money. Sometime it’s happened that i have buyed a unnecessary thing only

because i wanted it strongly.

9. What is something that you would like to buy? Why?

Yes, i want to buy a motorcycle for many reasons because i love it, to be

independent in my displacements withou the traffic and parking problems and

because for me the motorcycle is mean freedom.

10. How do you feel about shopping in malls or department stores?

I don’t like shopping in malls beacuse is very stressful, there are too much

people and there is always a waiting line to try on clothes or to pay items. I like