Schemi di grammatica inglese I

Indice

• Articoli
• Comparativi
• Superlativi
• Defining relative clauses
• Non-defining relative clauses
• Tempi verbali
  • Present Simple
  • Present Continuous
  • Present Perfect Simple
  • Present Perfect Continuous
  • Past Simple
  • Past Continuous
  • Past Perfect Simple
  • Past Perfect Continuous
  • Infinito
  • Gerundio
  • Zero Conditional
  • 1^o Conditional
  • 2^o Conditional
  • 3^o Conditional
  • Mixed Conditional
  • Future Simple
  • To be going to
  • Future Continuous
  • Future Perfect
  • Future Perfect Continuous
• Verbi modali
  • Obbligo a fare qualcosa
  • Proibizioni
  • Quando non è un obbligo fare qualcosa
  • Abilità e possibilità
  • Permesso
  • Speculazioni, probabilità e certezze
• Discorso indiretto
• Passivo

Articoli

All nouns Countable nouns Uncountable nouns. THE specifici e Tutte le cose che si possono contare. Le cose concrete che si possono vedere e Tutte le cose che non si possono contare. Liquidi e gas. Nomi noti e quelli che si possono toccare. Un ammontare o unità di misura. Definizione di cose, materiali o le idee astratte.

The man you saw me with last night. There is some wine in the bottle. SOME: A/AN (singolare) There is a man in the office There is wine in the bottle. Zero is my boss. SOME (plurale) There are some men in the office. A/AN non specifici, ma generali nomi. A / AN (singolare) Are there any man in the office? Zero is there wine in the bottle? A traffic warden stopped me in my car this morning. I was speeding.

Interrogativa e negativa: ANY (plurale) There aren't any men in the office. Zero There aren't men in the office. There isn't wine in the bottle.

SOME se si aspetta un accordo o una risposta positiva: Have you got some information on what to see in Milan?

Nelle reali domande dove non si conosce la risposta: ANY Have you got any information about next week's meeting? SOME per richieste o offerte: Could I have some more wine please?

Singolare

There is/isn't A/AN SOME/A LITTLE/A LOT OF/LOTS OF/ZERO

Plurale

There are SOME/A FEW/A LOT OF/LOTS OF/ZERO There aren't A LOT OF/MANY/ANY There isn't A LOT OF/MUCH/ANY

Negativo

There are NO/NONE. There is NO/NONE.

Interrogativo

How many...are there? / Do you want a/an/any/some...? How much...are there? / Do you want any/some...?

ANY/SOME zero determiner sono ugualmente utilizzati per plural countable e uncountable. Non possono essere utilizzati per il singolare dei countable.

Zero determiner SOME/ANY. Quando non si vuole comunicare l'idea dell'ammontare o della quantità: That house is built from bricks. That house is built from some bricks.

Per parlare di un intero gruppo o cose: You've got good workers in your company. Per riferirsi a un incerto e indefinito numero di un gruppo: You've got some good workers in your company.

Quando si parla di generali verità: Cigarettes are bad for you.

Comparativi

Quando si vuole comparare due cose. Ha UNA sillaba: Aggettivo + ER + THAN. Our prices are higher than yours.

UNA sillaba, finisce con UNA vocale + UNA consonante: BIG → BIGGER THAN.

Una sillaba: GREAT → GREATER THAN. Your office is neater than mine.

Good marketing is more important than competitive prices.

Più sillabe: A newspaper marketing campaign is less effective than a television campaign.

CLEVER → CLEVERER. Se finisce con -ER / -OW + ER. NARROW → NARROWER.

IRREGOLARI:

• Good: BETTER THAN
• Bad: WORSE THAN
• Far: FURTHER THAN
• A little: LESS THAN
• Many/Much/A lot of/Lots of: MORE THAN

Superlativi

Quando si vuole comparare un membro del gruppo con gli altri membri del gruppo.

Una sillaba

THE + aggettivo + EST. Our prices are the lowest in Europe.

UNA sillaba, finisce con UNA vocale + UNA consonante: BIG → THE BIGGEST.

Una sillaba: GREAT → THE GREATEST. Your product is the cheapest in this range.

THE + MOST / LEAST + aggettivo. The most interesting product I saw at the fair was from Korea.

CLEVER → CLEVEREST. Se finisce con -ER / -OW + EST.

NARROW → NARROWEST.

• Good: THE BEST
• Bad: THE WORST
• Far: THE FURTHEST
• A little: THE LEAST
• Many/Much/A lot of/Lots of: THE MOST

Comparativo di uguaglianza o disuguaglianza: My job is as difficult as yours (NOT) AS + ADJECTIVE + AS. My job is not as difficult as yours.

Disuguaglianza in numero, ammontare: We've got as many employees in the marketing department as we have in sales. (NOT) AS + MANY (c) / MUCH (u) + nome + AS. There's not as much pollution in the suburbs as there is in the city center.

Piccole disuguaglianze: ALMOST / NEARLY + AS + aggettivo + AS. This job is almost as difficult as the last one I did.

Piccole disuguaglianze in numero: ALMOST / NEARLY + AS + MANY (c) / MUCH (u) + nome + AS. In Britain, Fiat sell nearly as many cars as Ford.

Grandi disuguaglianze: NOTHING LIKE AS + aggettivo + AS. My job is nothing like as difficult as yours.

Grandi disuguaglianze in numero: NOWHERE NEAR + AS + MANY (c) / MUCH (u) + nome + AS. Como has nowhere near as many factories as Birmingham.

Se le differenze tra due cose sono davvero grandi: Much/Far/a lot/lots + comparativo + than. Canada is far bigger than Ireland.

Se le differenze tra due cose sono davvero piccole: Slightly/a little bit/a little/a bit + comparativo + than. The UK population is a little bit bigger than Italy.

Defining relative clauses

Identificano e definiscono le cose, le persone, i posti, le ragioni e il tempo relativo a di cosa si sta parlando.

Riferito al soggetto WHO / THAT: Are you the man who telephoned me yesterday? Seguono il nome. Si riferiscono al soggetto della frase. Si riferiscono alle persone.

Riferito all'oggetto WHO / THAT: That's the man (that) I was telling you about.

Riferito al soggetto WHICH / THAT: Can you pass me the file which is on your desk? Seguono il nome. Si riferiscono al soggetto della frase. Si riferiscono alle cose.

Riferito all'oggetto WHICH / THAT: Is this the car (that) you want to buy?

WHOSE: Usato per parlare di qualcosa che appartiene a una persona o cosa. I have spoken to the worker whose car was parked in the CEO's space.

WHERE: Solitamente preceduta da parole come luoghi o situazioni, o tipici nomi di palazzi (es. ristorante, strada, …..). This is the street where I was born. This is the kind of situation where you can lose a lot of money, if you are not careful.

WHEN: Solitamente preceduta da parole come tempo, o nomi di periodi di tempo (giorno, anno, ….). The summer is the time when we sell more of our products.

WHY: Usato per spiegare le ragioni. The weather is (the reason) why I decided to come home early.

Non-defining relative clauses

Danno informazioni extra, non necessarie per il significato principale della frase. Spesso sono scritte tra le virgole.

Riferito al soggetto WHO: This is Mike Pearce, who has just joined our company. Seguono il nome. Si riferisce al soggetto o all'oggetto della frase. Si riferisce alle persone.

Riferito all'oggetto WHO: Her husband, who I met for the first time last night, works for IBM.

Riferito al soggetto WHICH: My computer, which is brand new, crashed on me yesterday. Seguono il nome. Si riferisce al soggetto o all'oggetto della frase. Si riferisce alle cose.

Riferito all'oggetto WHICH: The report on the French subsidiary, which I left on your desk, needs to be rewritten.

WHOSE: Kevin, whose contract finishes next week, has been offered a job in sales.

WHERE: Per introdurre delle non-defining relative clauses. This part of the factory, where we make components for conveyor belts, is the oldest part of the plant.

WHEN: My happiest period was last year, when I was working in France.

Present Simple

I speak, I do not speak, Do you speak?

He speaks, He does not speak, Does he speak?

Usi principali:

• Per parlare di routine, abitudini. Es: I usually get up at 7.00 a.m.
• Per parlare di situazioni permanenti. Es: I live in Milan and I work for SNAM.
• Futuro programmato (orari dei treni, aereo, autobus). Es: The flight leaves at 2.30 p.m.
• Per verità generali e fatti (scientifici, biologici, naturali). Es: They have two boys and a girl and they live in Bergamo.

Present Continuous

I am speaking, I am not speaking, Am I speaking?

He is speaking, He is not speaking, Is he speaking?

Usi principali:

• Per parlare di azioni appena successe (action happening now). Es: You're learning English at the moment.
• Per azioni temporanee. Es: I'm travelling to work by bus at the moment because my car is in the garage.
• Per azioni in progresso o cambiamento. Es: It is getting difficult for young people to find a good job.
• Per definiti futuri piani, accordi già prestabiliti. Es: We're leaving for Japan next week.
• Per azioni che sono fastidiose, o noiose, o per criticare (always, forever, continually, constantly). Es: Mary's always arriving late for meeting.

Marker temporali: Always, every..., often, normally, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, first, then. At the moment, now, right now, Listen!, Look!, today, this summer, this year.

Present Perfect Simple

I have spoken, I have not spoken, Have you spoken?

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been speaking, I have not been speaking, Have I been speaking?