Riassunti completi esame Management of international and supranational organzations

Transnational Hybrid Organizations (THOs)

Transnational Hybrid Organizations (THOs) are regional or global organizations with their own statutes, membership, governance structures, and independent budgets. They include governmental institutions or states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), and at least one private transnational organization, whether for-profit or non-profit. All components of THOs have equal representation and voice in collective decision-making.

For example, the UN Global Compact was launched in 2000 by Kofi Annan (UN Secretary-General) and aimed to encourage businesses to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies and report on their implementation. It has 8,700 participant companies, governments, labor and civil society organizations, and the UN.

Membership in THOs and other similar organizations has contributed to increased awareness of social issues and their relevance, as well as specific actions. They also facilitate the development of new products, norms, and standards, and generate additional resources through partnerships. However, the proliferation of partnerships can also lead to challenges in coordinating and managing their activities.

These diseases can improve all-around development in those countries: people are going to work better, to participate better in society.

1. (approximately 3 years): they raise attention on a Replenishment / Grant Management Cycle relevant issue and then raise funds (Funding they have to make clear the country Request Stage: situation, the opportunities, who/how will implement, risks and the aspects regarding sustainability). The group of experts), then evaluates the requests for Technical Review Panel (independent funding. 92% of funding comes from governments, the remaining part comes from the private sector, foundations, and innovating financing initiatives.
2. A made-up of representatives of Allocation / Grant-Making: Country Coordinating Mechanism people affected by these diseases, medical experts, governments, and civil society meet and develops a plan; identifying capacity gaps and risks and also defining a budget. The plan is then reviewed by a panel of experts (GAC and accepted/refused by

The Recommendation) Globalwhich includes 20 voting members represented by implementersFund’s Board (Board Approval),and donors. Allocation methodology has been re ned throughout the years, basically the Global Fundallocates the funding to eligible countries for 3 years.ff fl ff fi fi ff fi fi fi fi fi fi ff fl fi3. local experts and partners use money to deliver the program. The Global Fund ,Implementation:through Local Fund Agents, monitors and evaluates the work, in fact they (gradually yearly/disbursequarterly) the and on verifying what the country had planned to domoney based on performancewith the money. They also making small adjustments to the funding program suchrevise the workas: extending the implementation period, give additional funding, revise the program, revise thebudget.It is a GPPP characterized by an that can be seen:inclusive governance- strategy development, governance, partnership management and resourceat the corporate level:obtaining objectives. It is

Composed by:

• Independent board (Chair and Vice Chair)
• Donor bloc: countries, private sector, private foundations
• Non voting members: WHO, UNAIDS they give aids
• Implementing Bloc: countries that receive GF grants, NGOs (both in developed and developing countries) and communities affected by the 3 diseases.

Decision making:

• The independent board usually works to reach consensus, however usually motions require a 2/3 majority of the Donor Bloc and the Implementing Bloc.

Country Coordinating Mechanism: local NGOs, International NGOs, Global Fund, at the country level:

• Country Government (Ministry of Health)
• Academia
• Private Sector
• Civil society

This governance mechanism is less hierarchical, yet more complex. They work on developing the plan, allocating the money and then implementing it.

GF operating model:

• They keep relations with the country governments and oversee the Grant-Making/Country Teams: Grant-Implementation and are helped by specialists: Finance Specialist,

Legal Counsel, Public Health Specialist… - auditing companies based in the country where the plans are implemented that Local fund Agents: evaluate the risks related to implementation and monitor the situation on behalf of the Global Fund.

Trying to establish a quality standard (market shaping strategy) and negotiating long-term agreements with manufacturers to get better prices based on volume (this is done by intermediates).

A regards the vertical approach that distracts “now-available” funds and momentum for a PPP dilemma medium/long term planning/implementation.

GF results for HIV, Malaria and TB declined, because of the problems regarding infrastructures (full of covid patients). However, they used the same infrastructure and funding to help nations in the covid battle: bought respirators, reinforced health system.

Results:

• World’s largest funders of global health.
• Increasing access to health.

care commodities and strengthen health systems- Saving 44 million lives since 2002- Distributed more than 50 billion dollars since 2002- Building resilient, sustainable system for health: health commodities, infrastructures, effective supplychain, especially at the village level.

Curiosity della teacher:- there is quite a lot of competitioncompetition in terms of funding vs. cooperation with IOs:because the global health system is crowded, even though there are alliances.ff ff- from IGOs and Specialized Agencies, because they have core programs of manyFunding is different years. The difference regards the fact that GF works is based on cycles, they have money for 3 years,which puts a sense of

urgency.

————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————&mdashcondividere le conoscenze in modo da facilitare gli sforzi per avanzare nella scienza legata alla salute. Le 5 pilastri di C-TAP sono: 1. Divulgazione pubblica delle sequenze geniche virali e dei dati 2. Trasparenza riguardo alla pubblicazione dei risultati di tutti i trial clinici 3. Distribuzione equa dei prodotti medici, inclusi i vaccini 4. Accesso equo ai prodotti medici per i paesi in via di sviluppo 5. Sostenere la ricerca e lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti e tecnologie per combattere le malattie. C-TAP mira a promuovere la condivisione delle conoscenze e delle risorse per accelerare lo sviluppo di vaccini e trattamenti per il COVID-19, garantendo un accesso equo e globale a tali prodotti.

1. Affordability and publication of trial data

2. Licensing of potential treatment, diagnostic, vaccine to the Medicine Patent Pool

3. Promotion of open innovation models and technology transfer

Debrief:

Favor of the Patent system:

• Patents provide economic incentive for developing (also justify the long time-to-market and risks related)
• Encourages rms and investors to continue funding future R&D initiatives that drive economic growth
• An international patent scheme prevents countries with weak IP protection from free riding
• Pharma rms success is tied to scientific knowledge, which is the result of R&D processes, making patent protection necessary to sustain competitive advantage.
• Patent system can promote and reorient rms strategies that require researching for chronic diseases

Against the Patent system:

• Corporate public benefits and interests are misaligned
• Therefore, Pharma are encouraged to conduct that are

R&D in areas deemed profitable is an important source of funding for R&D (subsidy). Therefore, public funding governments should have a say in how products are priced and distributed.

The industry has already used different tactics to secure control over products beyond the expiry of the patent: evergreening (small changes to extend the protection period) and restricting access to data.

Executive of a pharmaceutical company

Debrief B:

Position: Against the C-TAP initiative

Motivations:

• Self-interest in strong IP protection
• Public benefits generated by the patent system

Arguments:

• Product development and clinical trials are expensive
• Competition offers healthcare providers a choice between different technological approaches
• Assuming the pandemic is eventually defeated, the window for exploiting the investment in the vaccine is very short
• Some Pharma companies in initi