Lingua inglese - estratto appunti

The oldest commercial corporation was Stora Koppenberg mining company that obtained a

charter from King Magnus Erikson.

To lead colonial venture many countries chartered corporation such as Hudston’s Bay company and

Dutch East Indian company.

The Dutch Monarch gave a charter to Dutch East Indian Company that overcame Portuguese

forces and established itself in the Molluccan Island in order to profit from European demand of

spices. This company issued a paper certificate as a proof of share-ownership: shareholders can sold

their shares on the Amsterdam Stock exchange.

Mercantilism

In the past corporation met the interests of the state (public interests) and not the shareholders’s

interests intact forming a corporation required a legislature act.

At the beginning of 19th century US supreme court recognized a plethora of rights to the corpora-

tion; for example the charter wasn’t subject to the arbitrary abolition of government. At the same

time British Parliament passed two acts: the limited liability act that introduced the limiters liability

in english low and the joint stock company act that allowed company to incorporate without a royal

charter.

Modern company

In the 20th century states-owned corporation were sold to private company, this process is called

privatization and it is connect to deregulation (that reduces the regulation of corporation activity).

Another shift was conglomerations in which large company buy smaller corporation to expand their

industrial base. a model of horizontal conglomeration is kairezu.

1.2 Corporate low

To exist corporation need a leal framework and a body of law that includes separate legal identi-

ty; limited liability; perpetual lifetime, control and ownership and formation.

Separate legal identity

Separate legal identity allows corporation to own properties, to sing contracts, to sue or be sued

for human rights violation and criminal offenses and so on.

Limited liability

Limited liability means that shareholders are liable only for the capital invested and not for the

debts that remain owing to the creditors. Limited liability advantages are: share costs, allow anony-

mous trading in the shares, increase the capital of the corporation and share losses.

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Section 3 - Management

Management refers to the organization of the activity of a business to achieve a goal. For profit

company management must makes profit (for shareholders); creates cheap and high quality products

(for consumers or customers) and creates good jobs (for employees).

There are many model to elect the members of the broad of directors, the most common are the

shareholders-votes method and the employees-votes method. In the public sector pelicans elect

many manager and administrators.

3.1 History of management

For someone the art of manage is an old thing, even if there were (and there are) some small

business that don’t take into account management problems. The grow of businesses size made the

management more common.

The most important tools of management are double-entry book keeping, cost accounting, quality

control procedures and so on.

In the 20th century management become management science because it was mixed whit micro-

economics theory. In the same century management was divides into several branches: finance

management, human resource management, production management, information services man-

agement, strategic management and marketing management.

In the 21st century this branches don’t exist in the private sector.

3.2 The management function

The management function are:

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a) - Planning refers to the activity of identifying what must happen in the future and writ-

Planning

ing a plan;

b) - Organizing refers to the activity of coordination resources to achieve plan’s goal;

Organizing

c) - Stuffing includes the activity of identifying stuff need, describing jobs and fill them with

Stuffing

the right person;

d) - Leading means say to the workers what to do achieve goals;

Leading

e) - Controlling refers to the activity of identifying deviation from the plan;

Controlling

f) - Motivation is important because lead workers achieve goals.

Motivation

3.3 The formation of the business policy

The business policy refers to the long-term goals identified by the broad of directors and includes

decisions about the price, the production, the investment and so on.

The business policy is defined by: the mission (that is the general porpoise of the business); the vision

(that is a whole of long-term goals identified by the top management); the objectives (that are the

ends of a certain task) and the strategy (that is the plan of action, it identifies how allocate risorcfes

to achieve plan’s goals).

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Section 5 - Assets

Assets are economic resources that may be converted into cash (that is also considered an asset).

Assets are a result of past event and, in for-profit company, they provide (directly or indirectly) future

cash flow or, in non for-profit company, services. They are the result of the sum of liabilities and eq-

uity.

5.1 Current and fixed assets

Assets are divides into two groups: current assets and fixed assets. Current assets include invento-

ry, cash and other assets that will be converted into cash within the year. The difference between

current assets and current liabilities is known as working capital or net current assets.

Fixed assets includes building, equipment, long-term credits and so on. They are assets that remain

for a long time in the business balance sheet. Fixed assets include long-term investment that aren’t

disposed of the near future. (Investment refers to securities, investment into fixed assets do not used

in operations, investment in found and insurance).

5.2 Tangible and intangible assets

Assets may be tangible or intangible. An intangible asset is an asset that we cannot touch, where-

as we can touch tangible asset. The former category includes patents, goodwill, copyright, trade-

mark and so on (they are amortized over five to forty years). The second category includes building,

equipment, vehicles and so on.