Lingua inglese 2

> I WOULD LIKE TO

= Exponents of modal verbs

= metalingual mitigation marker > when you want to express sth but you use a modal to mitigate

what you are saying > indirectness

VOLITION + modal status or quasi-modal status:

> I want to

> I am going to > the intermediate function between the central modals and the main verbs

> I would + like to > volition + mitigation marker

> indirectness

> “would like to” > different meaning 1) to be polite => ask some question indirectly

2) refer to an audience (I want to/I would to)

3) our plain

> “have to” > modality of obligation

> “it seems, apparently” > low modality

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MODALITY

Cambridge dictionary

> new ways of looking at modality

> MODALITY= is about a speaker’s or a writer’s attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can

express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words

and expressions. To be aware how to use it.

MODAL VERBS:

> core modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should, must

> semi-modals: dare, need, ought to, used to, want to

> other verbs: have to, be going to, I’d like to do …

MODAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS:

Modal form:

> noun > there is a possibility of snow this evening

> adj > it’s clear that the Prime Minister is worried about education

> adv > I’m certainly not fed up with it

Degrees:

> expressing degrees of certainty

adj: possibile probable, certain, sure, likely, unlikely, clear, obvious, definite

adv: possibly, probably, certainly, surely, definitely, clearly, obviously

> expressing degrees of obligation

adj: necessary, compulsory, obligatory, essential

adv: (not) necessarily, perhaps, maybe

> spoken english: for certain, for sure, for definite

(usually used with “to know”)

> certainly > no doubt about sth => any agreement

> surely > agree

> be certain to, be to, be meant to

> be able to, be due to, be obliged to

> be about to, be forced to, be set to

> be allowed to, be going to, be supposed to

> be bound to, be likely to/that, be sure to

MODAL MEANING

> want to express an opinion or attitude about a possible fact to to control a possible action. Are

about the speaker’s or writer’s view of the world

> “He’s my brother. I told her” > I know a certain fact for certain. I’m not expressing an opinion

about it. I’m stating it as a fact

> “He must be her brother” > opinion > evidence I have

> “She always goes with them” > no expressing an attitude or opinion about the action

> “OK. Jan can go if she’s finished” > controlling a possible action. I’m giving permission

> prediction > It might be raining tomorrow > not high degree of certainty => probable but not

impossible

SEEM > modal meaning

to be

+

To appear > facts and events > sth obvious

To seem > facts + personal feelings and ideas > it seems to me

pag 62

> should > opinion dictated by a moral urge

> “particular person should be expelled from Congress” > should= opinion + cause effect

> clear > high certainty modal

> needs > semi-modal

pag 26

WHAT IT

> WOULD, COULD > hypothesis

> everyone > FREQUENCY

> creating an hypothesis but always a cause-effect hypothesis

> here no opinion buy hypothesis

> high degree of certainty because there is a evident cause-effect event

> different registers (formal informal, slang), different languages (french…), name of famous

places, events, people, song

> use of slang attracts the attention => SALIENCE (prominence) (a specific device/feature typical

of the visual mode)

> salience can be created by voice => attract attention > SPOKEN MODE

> salience can be created by visual elements > I’m looking at a painting, what is bigger is

more salient, more prominent > VISUAL MODE

PAG 23

> “Say what?” > slang expression EXAMPLE OF VISUAL MODE

> segregation > business card > name inside a square

> salience

> overlapping (framing device) > I can’t read it > visual mode (not written mode)

sjfsfksjgklsjlg

afnsknfkjs

sfnaksnjfja

> INTEGRATION between numbers and words: non linguistic method > number

jshfjsdhi4624092735bnsbdfjhsd

> separation (a framing device) > visual mode example. A space between words or elements in a

page

CAR ICE-CREAM

MODE …

pag 18

> 1 panel > given information > message

> medieval time > dress-up

> cabinet: council advising a king

> high-level > position

> high-level cabinet meeting between the nobles and the king

> dismissing the messenger + eyes closes > indicating he is dismissing the interlocutor

> recontextualization switch between the 1° panel and the 2° panel

> the word cabinet is recontextualize in the 2° panel => high and cabinet change

their meaning => visual context shows us a kitchen cabinet

> anachronism

> the visual mode and the spoken mode of the language are both necessary to understand the

image

> kinetic mode: pointing at the cabinet

> change of the reference/discourse in the second panel

pag 20

> in order to create a time sequence, comics add another frame of segregation

> 1° to be understood and translate

> 2° illustrate the same situation only in a different pattern

> segregative frame

1 picture) give information

2 picture) the new information

> in order to understand that there is a conversation we have to look at the image and the

representation of the spoken text

> spoken modal represented through the written text inside the speech bubbles= visual mode and

kinetic mode represented by facial expressions and gesture

> no change in the situation of context but only a sequence of given information in order to create

in illusion of time

> change the discourse: in the 1° panel: discourse of future occupation

> the answer is not relevant because the discourse is different: the reference is the state of

mind “Outrageously happy”

pag 27

> in order to understand the verbal text is not enough we need to analyse the text as a multimodal

text

> kinetic mode useful to understand the feelings of the students > facial expressions and posture

> no spoken mode only written mode

> visual mode of language

pag 40

> multimodality

> advert

> informal > uneducated

> not specialized discourse

> product in the back

> speech bubble in the front

> between them there is the muscle of Popeye > he is showing his big muscle > KINETIC MODE

> spoken mode: “I sez …” > colloquial english

> on the air= on the radio

> iconic feature of Popeye

> our gaze goes to the product

> mode: kinetic, spoken mode, visual mode

> only 1 framing device: segregation of the speech bubble

pag 133

> multimodal text: written mode (grave) + spoken mode (speech bubble) + visual mode (image) +

kinetic mode (expression)

> segregation: > image has a boarder, and inside it 2 texts (speech bubble and grave)

> speech bubble

> grave that contains the text

> no given new information because there is only one panel (una vignetta)

> not contemporary people

> comic strip > based on a rhetorical device: anachronism: make fun by creating a situation in

which we find ourselves in a medieval time but they are making reference to the modern time

> the speech bubble > timeless expression

> regular grave with the name of the person who is dead

> anachronism: grave foregrounded is containing words that come from the contemporary slang +

pre modified by a hash tag typical of twitter

> “I’M OUT OF HERE” > colloquial expression

> metaphorical way to refer to Heaven: “Pearly gates”

> metafunction of the image

> relational metafunction > written text and spoken text

> recontextualization: 1) twitter

2) contemporary way of interacting which is recontextualize in a medieval

context

> linguistic and cultural resources > rhetorical resource: anachronism

> linguistic resource of the twitter

pag 21

> poem “Daffodils”

> salience

> repetition

> visual

> rhymes, assonance and alliteration > elements of the sound and rhetorical devices. Based on the

modality of the sound

> sound is a mode that is part of the text

> multimodal: sound and written mode

> project images > through metaphors, similes

> rhetorical devise: simile > we imagine the cloud

> high, hills, host > alliteration => mode of the sound

> image of nature > projective visual mode through description

> crowd is synonym of host

> visual personification > crowd of daffodils

> fluttering > rhetorical device + sound

> dancing > refers to person => personification

> visual metaphors > incandescent, fire, burning

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SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE MODALITY

pag 51

> subjective modality is explicit, open way of representing one viewpoint among others

> verbs > think, doubt, suspect

> persons > I

> objective modality > the subject is not explicit > it’s impersonal

> It’s typical in television:TG > in order to create the impression that we are listening to an

objective and real fact when in laity it’s only an opinion of the journalist

> high modality > certezza dei fatti

> low modality > incertezza

> negotiation between 2 people about the truth of their statement

> typical during interviews

PAG 131

A > Subjective modality => high certainty

> Objective modality => low certainty

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